Overdetermined Causation Cases, Contribution and the Shapley Value

The overdetermined causation cases (duplicative causation, concurrent causes, etc.) challenge the consistency and relevance of the but for test in torts. A strict application of the but for criterion to these cases leads to paradoxes and solutions that violate common sense. This explains why a large amount of literature has been developed in philosophy and jurisprudence to provide more accurate causation criteria. This paper adds to this literature by considering over-determination cases from an economic and mathematical point of view. Following Martin van Hees and Matthew Braham in their 2009 article Degrees of Causation, we consider over-determined cases through cooperative game theory and define “overdetermined causation games”. We characterize these games in terms of marginal contribution to the great coalition and we provide a typology of different overdetermined causation cases. Lastly, we apply to these games a traditional sharing rule developed in cooperative game theory, the Shapley value, to assess the “causal” contribution of each tortfeasor

Économie comportementale du droit : quelle place pour la neuroéconomie ?

La neuroéconomie relève du domaine des neurosciences cognitives qui examinent les réactions du cerveau à divers stimuli en utilisant le cas échéant des appareils de mesure tels que l’IRM fonctionnelle. La neuroéconomie va au delà la perspective adoptée par l’économie comportementale, la différence étant que cette dernière s’intéresse aux comportements individuels et collectifs des agents économiques tandis que la neuroéconomie examine les bases neurobiologiques de ces comportements. Le papier discute l’intérêt de cette démarche pour l’étude du droit. Une application immédiate des neurosciences aux cas d’espèce débattus par les tribunaux constitue le degré zéro de leur apport possible au droit. En revanche, elles peuvent être d’une aide précieuse pour réfléchir aux meilleurs mécanismes juridiques, aux meilleures règles et notamment aux meilleures règles de procédures qui doivent régir le fonctionnement des instances juridiques. Ce papier insiste particulièrement sur deux points. D’une part, les neurosciences peuvent être utiles pour expliquer les raisons des biais comportementaux. D’autre part, et plus fondamentalement, la connaissance précise des biais et celle de leur mécanisme permet également de réfléchir aux meilleurs moyens d’y échapper.Neuroeconomics belongs to the field of cognitive neurosciences which study the brain reactions to stimuli via the technics such that fIMR. Neuroeconomics differs from behavioural economics because it proposes to investigate the basis neurobiologic basis of human behaviors. Our paper discusses the interest of neuroeconomics for the study of law. A direct application of the method to specific cases during the court trial is the degree zero of possible application to law. On the contrary, neurosciences are certainly helpful to think about legal mechanisms and procedural rules that constitute the pillars of legal action. The paper insists on two dimensions: First, neurosciences contribute to identify the behavioural biases of potential litigants and, second, the precise evaluation of such biases help to identify legal solutions to escape them

Understanding the electromagnetic interaction of metal organic framework reactants in aqueous solution at microwave frequencies

Preparation of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) via microwave heating is becoming increasingly popular due to reduced reaction times and enhanced control of MOF particle size. However, there is little understanding about the detailed interaction of the electric field portion of the wave with reactants during the synthesis of MOFs. In order to overcome this lack of fundamental understanding, information about the dielectric properties of the reactants is required. In this work the dielectric constants (ε′) and loss factors (ε′′) of benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC; also known as terephthalic acid) and a number of M(III) (M = metal) salts dissolved in deionized water were measured as a function of frequency, temperature and concentration and with varying anions and cations. Dielectric data confirm the aqueous M(III) salts to be strong microwave absorbers, particularly at 915 MHz. M(III) salts with mono-anionic ligands (for example chlorides and nitrates) exhibit higher losses than di-anionic salts (sulfates) demonstrating that the former are heated more effectively in an applied microwave field. Of the M(III) salts containing either singly- or doubly-charged anions, those containing Fe(III) have the highest loss indicating that they will heat more efficiently than other M(III) salts such as Cr(III) and Al(III). Interestingly, H2BDC exhibits little interaction with the electric field at microwave frequencies

Law and Economics and the Coase Theorem: a View from Coase's Papers and Correspondance

International audienc

L'exploitation du gaz de charbon en Lorraine. Un impact économique limité?

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Incohérence temporelle et théories de l’interprétation constitutionnelle

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Le renouveau des objectifs de la régulation publique au regard de l’économie comportementale.

International audienc

Le renouveau des objectifs de la régulation publique au regard de l’économie comportementale.

International audienc