Aplicacao do oximetro de pulso em recem-nascidos internados na unidade de terapia intensiva, no bercario e durante atendimento na sala de parto

O oxímetro de pulso tornou-se o método de escolha para monitorização não invasiva da oxigenação em recém-nascidos (RN). Em geral, as publicações são favoráveis quanto à obtenção da saturação de oxigênio através das leituras do oxímetro (Sp02) dando ênfase às facilidades de aplicação do sensor, à baixa freqüência de complicações, respostas rápidas e contínuas da Sp02 frente a mudanças na oxigenação sangüínea; e ainda à boa correlação da Sp02 com medidas invasivas da saturação de oxigênio no sangue arterial (Sa02). No entanto, a aplicabilidade do oxímetro de pulso em neonatos tem sido melhor documentada em unidades de terapia intensiva sendo escassos os trabalhos realizados em RN sadios, imediatamente após o parto. Este trabalho focaliza três aspectos da aplicação do oxímetro de pulso em neonatos: inicialmente compara os valores da saturação de oxigênio calculada (Sa02cal) na análise de gases sangüíneos com medidas da Sp02 em 32 RN doentes; numa segunda etapa busca relacionar os valores de Sp02 ao processo de adaptação normal à vida extra-uterina em 45 RN dentro dos primeiros dez minutos após o parto e no berçário, em 57 recém-nascidos nas primeiras duas horas de vida. Finalmente, identifica os problemas técnicos e Limitações no uso clinico do oxímetro de pulso capazes de influenciar a interpretação dos resultados. A análise comparativa de 45 pares de medidas simultâneas de Sp02 e Sa02cal obtidas dos 32 RN internados na unidade de cuidados intensivos mostrou uma correlação de O, 77 (Sp02 = 62,5 + 0,36 Sa02cal) enquanto a média das diferenças entre os valores absolutos da Sp02 e Sa02cal (bias) encontrada foi de 3,5% e a precisão de 5,6%. As diferenças entre as medidas foram menores em níveis de saturação de oxigênio acima de 85%. Abaixo destes, as Sp02 superestimaram os valores da Sa02cal. Os registros contínuos das medidas da Sp02 obtidos na sala de parto demonstraram que os valores médios da Sp02 foram sempre mais baixos para os neonatos avaliados nos primeiros dez minutos de vida (< 90%). Logo após, no berçário, foi verificado um aumento progressivo dos valores de Sp02 que rapidamente atingiram níveis ao redor de 92,7% em menos de 30 minutos, 95,5% em cerca de 60 minutos, alcançando subseqüentemente o patamar de 97,2 %. Foi adotado um critério padrão para a seleção de medidas contínuas da Sp02 isentas de dados espúrios. A extrema sensibilidade do sensor do oxímetro ao movimento e a outros fatores de interferências invalidou a maioria dos registros em neonatos nos primeiros 5 minutos após o parto. Estes problemas foram de relevância menor no ambiente menos conturbado do berçário. Neste estudo, o oxímetro de pulso mostrou-se útil para detectar os graus de variação da saturação de 02 no sangue arterial, característicos do período neonatal. Em adição, permitiu medir a velocidade em que o nível normal é alcançado após o parto. No contexto geral, o estudo demonstrou as falhas inerentes ao emprego da técnica. O equipamento não parece ser confiável em níveis de Sa02cal baixos e a interposição de fatores que interferem com a captação do sinal - se não forem excluídos das análises - fornecem resultados inacurados. Estas limitações exigem cautela na interpretação dos dados de monitorização da oxigenação do neonato.Pulse oximetry has become the method of choice for non-invasive monitoring of oxygenation in newbo rn infants. In general, the reports have been favourable regarding neonatal oxygen saturation from the oximeter readings (Sp02) with emphasis on the easy application of Sp02 probes, infrequency of cutaneous injury, rapiel and continuous response of Sp02 to changes in blooel oxygenation, anel gooel correlation of Sp02 with invasive oxygen saturations (Sa02). So far, the applicability of pulse oximetry in neonates has been mainly elocumenteel in intensive care units anel less in healthy infants, immediately after delivery. This work focuses on three aspects of pulse oximetry application in neonates: 1- in the comparison of calculateel oxygen saturation values (Sa02cal) with Sp02 in 32 critically ill infants; 2- in following the normal aelaptation to extrauterine life within 10 minutes of ele livery (n=45) anel then through the first two hours (n=57); 3- in the ielentification of the technical problems encountereel eluring its routine clinicai use anel the pitfalls in the interpretation of results. The comparative analysis of 45 pairs of simultaneously measureel Sp02 anel Sa02cal obtaineel from 32 infants in the intensive care unit showeel a correlation of 0,77 (Sp02 = 62,5 + 0,36 Sa02cal) while the mean of the absolute differences between Sp02 and Sa02cal values (bi::~s) was founel to be 3,5% anel precision of 5,6%. The elifferences betwen measurements were small er at saturations above 85%. Sp02 overestimateel Sa02cal when the values of Sa02cal were at lower leveis. The continuous recoreling of the Sp02 taken in the elelivery room demonstrateel that the mean values of Sp02 were alwalys lower for neonates in their first 10 minutes of life (below 90%). Shortly thereafter at the nursery a progressive elevation of Sp02 was rapidly accomplisheel with mean values arou nel 92,7% in less than 30 minutes, 95,5% within 60 minutes reaching subsequently a plateau of 97,2 %. Criteria for measu ring continuously the Sp02 output from the oximeter were stanelarelizeel in oreler to obtain artifact free data. The extreme sensitivity of the oximeter probe to movement anel other interference facto rs invalielateel most of the records from newborns five minutes after elelivery. These problems were consiclerably less relevant in the unelisturbeel environment of the nursery. In this s tucly, the pulse oximeter provecl useful to detect the degree of oxygen saturation of arteri al blood which characterizes the neonatal period, anel to measure the speed with which the normal levei is attained after de livery. The overall s tudy has also shown the drawbacks of the technique. The equipment seems not to be reliable at JQ\.ver Sa02cal values anel the interposition of interfering factors disturbing signal captation, if not exclucled from the analysis, give inaccurate results. These limitations encountered here in are meaningful in monitoring oxygenation o f neonates anel cal I for caution in the interpretation of data

Development of an enterprise risk inventory for healthcare

Background: The first phase of an enterprise risk management (ERM) program is the identification of risks. Accurate identification is essential to a proactive and effective ERM function. The authors identified a lack of such risk identification in the literature and in practical cases when interviewing the chief risk officers from healthcare organizations. A risk inventory specific to healthcare organizations that includes detailed risk scenarios and risk impacts currently does not exist. Thus, the objective of this research is to develop an enterprise risk inventory for healthcare organizations to create a common understanding of how each type of risk impacts a healthcare organization. Method: ERM guidelines and data from 15 interviews with chief risk officers were analyzed to create the risk inventory. The identified risks were confirmed through a survey of risk managers from a range of global healthcare organizations during the ASHRM conference in 2017. Descriptive statistics were developed and cluster analysis was performed using the survey results. Results: The risk inventory includes 28 risks and their specific risk scenarios. Cyberattack was ranked as the principal risk by the participants, followed by sentinel events and risks associated with human capital management (organizational culture, use of electronic medical records and physician wellness). The data analysis showed that the specific characteristics of the survey participants, such as the length of time working in risk management, the size of the organization, and the presence of a school of medicine, do not impact an individual’s opinion of the importance of the risks identified. A personal background in risk management (clinical or enterprise) was a characteristic that showed a small difference in the perceived importance of the risks from the proposed risk inventory. Conclusions: In addition to defining specific risk scenarios, the enterprise risk inventory presented in this research can contribute to guiding the risk identification phase of an ERM program and thereby support the development of a risk culture. Patient data security in hospitals that operate with high levels of technology is fundamental to delivering high quality and safe care to patients. At the top of the risk ranking, the identification of cyberattacks reflects the importance that healthcare risk managers place on this risk by allocating time and other resources. Exploring opportunities to improve cyber risk management and evaluating the benefits of using the risk inventory at the beginning of the risk identification phase in an ERM program are suggestions for future studies

Evaluation of systemic inflammation in patients being weaned from mechanical ventilation

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate systemic inflammatory factors and their relation to success or failure in a spontaneous ventilation test. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included a sample of 54 adult patients. Demographic data and clinical parameters were collected, and blood samples were collected in the first minute of the spontaneous ventilation test to evaluate interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) and C-reactive protein. RESULTS: Patients who experienced extubation failure presented a lower rapid shallow breathing index than those who passed, and these patients also showed a significant increase in C-reactive protein 48 hours after extubation. We observed, moreover, that each unit increase in inflammatory factors led to a higher risk of spontaneous ventilation test failure, with a risk of 2.27 (1.001 – 4.60, p=0.049) for TNFa, 2.23 (1.06 – 6.54, p=0.037) for IL-6, 2.66 (1.06 – 6.70, p=0.037) for IL-8 and 2.08 (1.01 – 4.31, p=0.04) for IL-10, and the rapid shallow breathing index was correlated with IL-1 (r=-0.51, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: C-reactive protein is increased in patients who fail the spontaneous ventilation test, and increased ILs are associated with a greater prevalence of failure in this process; the rapid shallow breathing index may not be effective in patients who present systemic inflammation