770 research outputs found
Exploring Simple Structural Configurations for Optimal Network Mutualism
Energy flow is a primary organizing principle in ecological systems, and therefore various aspects of this have been proposed as ecological goal functions [8, 5]. One such goal function considers that the integral utility (direct + indirect) will tend to be positive in well-developed systems [3, 4, 10]. In this research, we investigate several basic network structures to determine the specifc relationship types between compartments and identify those structures that lead to greater quantitative and qualitative utility. This research contributes to the overall discipline of ecological network analysis
Cyclic energy pathways in ecological food webs
Standard ecology textbooks typically maintain that nutrients cycle, but energy flows in unidirectional chains. However, here we use a new metric that allows for the identification and quantification of cyclic energy pathways. Some of these important pathways occur due to the contribution of dead organic matter to detrital pools and those organisms that feed on them, reintroducing some of that energy back into the food web. Recognition of these cyclic energy pathways profoundly impacts many aspects of ecology such as trophic levels, control, and the importance of indirect effects. Network analysis, specifically the maximum eigenvalue of the connectance matrix, is used to identify both the presence and strength of these structural cycles
On Maximum Signless Laplacian Estrada Indices of Graphs with Given Parameters
Signless Laplacian Estrada index of a graph , defined as
, where are the
eigenvalues of the matrix . We
determine the unique graphs with maximum signless Laplacian Estrada indices
among the set of graphs with given number of cut edges, pendent vertices,
(vertex) connectivity and edge connectivity.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figure
Cell biology:Collagen secretion explained
Cells package proteins into vesicles for secretion to the extracellular milieu. A study shows that an enzyme modifies the packaging machinery to encapsulate unusually large proteins such as collagen
Graphene zigzag ribbons, square lattice models and quantum spin chains
We present an extended study of finite-width zigzag graphene ribbons (ZGRs)
based on a tight-binding model with hard-wall boundary conditions. We provide
an exact analytic solution that clarifies the origin of the predicted width
dependence on the conductance through junctions of ribbons with different
widths. An analysis of the obtained solutions suggests a new description of
ZGRs in terms of coupled chains. We pursue these ideas further by introducing a
mapping between the ZGR model and the Hamiltonian for N-coupled quantum chains
as described in terms of 2N Majorana fermions. The proposed mapping preserves
the dependence of ribbon properties on its width thus rendering metallic
ribbons for N odd and zero-gap semiconductor ribbons for N even. Furthermore,
it reveals a close connection between the low-energy properties of the ZGR
model and a continuous family of square lattice model Hamiltonians with similar
width-dependent properties that includes the flux and the trivial square
lattice models. As a further extension, we show that this new description makes
it possible to identify various aspects of the physics of graphene ribbons with
those predicted by models of quantum spin chains (QSCs)
Time and space model of urban pollution migration: Economy-energy-environment nexus network
In recent years, news of “cancer villages” in the Huaihe River Basin filled front and back pages of newspapers and generated elevated concern among readers. This study aims to understand the relationship between the “cancer villages” and the “large cities” around them. A gravity model is constructed to analyze the correlation between “big cities” and “cancer villages” in terms of indices involving economic connections and pollution frequency. Direct and indirect environmental relationships between large cities and “cancer villages” are analyzed using ecological network analysis, in particular the utility analysis method. Results of the pollution-utility analysis showed that cities distant from “cancer villages” can also affect the county through indirect connections. Based on the pollution utility relationship, we found that “cancer villages” both affect and are affected by cities through indirect feedback relationships. It can be inferred that “cancer villages” have a high incidence of malignant disease not only because of the pollution from its surrounding cities but also because of the influence of far-away cities through a network of interactions. In this way, the pollution of “cancer villages” may be heightened with harmful consequences to population health. Considering these indirect connections, not all of the “cancer villages” are able to reduce their pollution by transferring it to another city or county because it can return through indirect pathways. The best approach would be to lower the pollution generation in the first place in order to prevent its impacts, as well as to at least partially mitigate them through more effective medical care
Towards a flourishing blue economy: Identifying obstacles and pathways for its sustainable development
The current discourse addressing the need for sustainable development in the blue economy is necessary to promote effective mitigation and adaptation responses in times of rapid climate change. However, thus far, said discourse lacks foundational and specific principles to provide critical pillars able to shed light on socio-economic processes needed to achieve sustainable development across sectors and scales. This article discusses ten recently-described nature-based principles for achieving and sustaining a regenerative blue economy while advocating for an age of factuality. These scientifically-derived principles are built on well-accepted concepts of socio-ecological system dynamics and undergird a healthy blue economy
Ecological Network Analysis of State-Level Energy Consumption in Maryland, USA
Renewable and clean energy sources are being integrated into the United States’ modern energy industry to mitigate climate change effects, creating a more complex network of energy production, distribution, and consumption. This study defines the state of Maryland’s energy industry as a network of producers and consumers and analyzes the network’s characteristics by using ecological network analysis (ENA), an analytical tool useful for identifying a system’s indirect effects. The energy industry within Maryland is analyzed over a nine-year time span to understand how its evolution is influencing the network’s characteristics. Maryland’s renewable portfolio standard (RPS) for the year 2030 is then simulated by adjusting renewable and non-renewable energy sources according to energy trends and related state policy. Results from the ENA over the nine-year period of 2010–2019 indicate that the energy industry is highly linear. While typical cycling indices range from 5–15% in ecological energy flow models, cycling indices in this study ranged from 0.007% to 0.0082%. Maryland’s energy industry in the year 2030 is simulated and displays increased cycling because renewable sources typically feed the electricity sector for energy distribution, increasing indirect pathways within the system. The percentage of electricity generated by renewable energy increased from 9.71% in 2019 to 50% in 2030, as mandated in the RPS. Network analyses here emphasize the large gap between Maryland’s current energy infrastructure and what is necessary to meet its renewable targets in 2030. Furthermore, they indicate that a more uniform distribution of energy to consumers may increase efficiency in modern energy industries
Analysing greenhouse ventilation using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from UKACM via the link in this recordGreenhouses (GH) are used to shield the crops from excessive cold or heat. They are used for growing certain
types of cultivations during the year round. The aim of this study is to design a greenhouse using solar-powered
technology to produce a Zero-Liquid-Discharge (ZLD) by using Solar Stills and adding condensers to dehumidify
the excess vapoured water. This allows to have small-scale plants to reduce the cost of water treatment while
increasing its sustainability. Computational fluid dynamics was used to find the best locations for the dehumidifiers
in the GH and design the necessary ventilation. This can help to plan ahead and evaluate the optimal amount of
produced water for different sizes of greenhouse before they are constructed physically.British Council - EgyptScience & Technology Development Fund (STDF), Egyp
IJMC Computing Chemical Properties of Molecules by Graphs and Rank Polynomials
ABSTRACT The topological index of a graph G is a numeric quantity related to G which is invariant under automorphisms of G. The Tutte polynomial of is a polynomial in two variables defined for every undirected graph contains information about connectivity of the graph. The Padmakar-Ivan, vertex Padmakar-Ivan polynomials of a graph are polynomials in one variable defined for every simple connected graphs that are undirected. In this paper, we compute these polynomials of two infinite classes of dendrimer nanostars
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