Parent's Challenges in Sexual Education of their Children: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Sexual education is a training that begins in the early days of life, and its objective is moderate and appropriate development in sexual instinct. The aim of this study was to explore how parents provide sex education for their children, and identify challenges influence the sex education. Method: In this qualitative study, content analysis was used for data analysis. The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 25 parents (father, mother or both) in Rafsanjan City, Iran. Results: 3 main themes of “methods of sex education”, “parents' challenges in sexual education”, and “limiting challenges and factors which enhance sexual education” were achieved through data analysis. Mothers tended to be the main educators, although a few fathers shared the role. Uncertainties were experienced, especially about giving sons sex education. Participants welcomed access to sources of information and educational programs. Conclusion: Parents were found the main educators in this field, but experienced uncertainty and embarrassment about aspects of their role. Educational programs for parents by experts in this field can enhance their skills and confidence. Keywords: Sex education, Parents, Children, Qualitative researc

The role of personality traits in perception of labor pain in Iranian women

Background and aims: In two recent decades, researcher’s attention was to the relationship between personality traits and labor pain perception, but there are few native studies about this. Because of the importance of satisfaction and women's health in labor pain experience, this study was done with the aim of identification role of personality traits in perception of labor pain. Methods: The present study is a correlational descriptive-analytic study. The data were collected by questionnaires about personality traits and perception of labor pain from 220 parturient women referred to Valiasr Hospital. The data were analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistics tests such as Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression tests. Results: The results of the study indicated that among the factors influencing the perception of labor pain, the reaction to pain was meaningfully predicted by personality dimensions of neuroticism (β=0.26, P=0.004), openness experience (β=0.20, P=0.034). Neuroticism (β=0.20, P=0.020) and openness experience (β=0.19, P=031) are the positive predicting factors, and conscientiousness (β=-0.20, P=0.042) was a negative predicting factor for labor pain intolerance. Agreeableness (β=0.31, P=0.001), neuroticism (β=0.20, P=0.023) and openness experience (β=0.18, P=0.042) were the predictive factors for pain depth. Among all personality traits, only openness experience (β=-0.19, P=0.044) was the negative predictive factor for the acceptance of labor pain. Also neuroticism (β=0.29, P=0.001) and openness experience (β=0.19, P=0.041) were the positive predictive factors and conscientiousness (β=-0.24, P=0.023) was the negative predictive factor for the total score of the perception of labor pain. Conclusion: Correct consultation and suitable education in pregnancy based on personality traits and using different methods in reducing childbirth pain can help mothers to gain pleasurable labor pain experience for them

Development and Validation of the Perception of Labor Pain Questionnaire among Iranian Women

Background: Women’s perceptions of childbirth pain have not been measured adequately. The current study aimed to develop and validate the Iranian Women’s Perception of the Labor Pain Questionnaire. Methods: The study included three phases. In the first phase, women’s perception of labor pain was explored and analyzed using content analysis. Then, an item pool was generated based on the results of the first phase. Lastly, psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated. The reliability and validity of the scale was determined. Results: Findings of the qualitative phase generated a pool of 63 items. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) was calculated for each item and they were satisfactory in an acceptable range. After confirming the content and construct validity, 31 items were retained. Finally, the exploratory factor analysis displayed a five-factor structure for this scale. Perception of Labor Pain Questionnaire and subscale scores showed a good test-retest reliability (Interclass Coefficient, 0.96, P<0.001). The Cronbach’s alpha for the Perception of Labor Pain Questionnaire scores was 0.80 and for subscales it ranged from 0.68 to 0.83. Conclusion: This scale developed a multidimensional, valid, and reliable instrument to evaluate the women’s perceptions of labor pain

Explaining Eudaimonic Well-Being: The Role of Religiousness and Patience

Background and Objectives: The lives of all people without mental disorders are not equally healthy and fruitful, and not necessarily healthier and more fruitful than the lives of people with such disorders. Therefore, identifying psychological variables that affect well-being can play a significant role in applying these variables in practical situations. The aim of this study was to codify a structural model to explain eudaimonic well-being based on religiousness dimensions and patience, as a mediator variable. Methods: In this correlational study, 527 students of the University of Shiraz were selected by random multi-stage cluster sampling. Data collection was conducted by Religiosity Scale, Patience Scale, and Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being, with adequate levels of reliability and validity to be used in Iranian culture. Data analysis was conducted by SPSS 21 and AMOS 21. Results: Path analysis in structural equation modeling showed that the proposed model fitted well with the data, and direct effect of religiousness on eudaimonic well-being, religiousness on patience, and patience on eudaimonic well-being was confirmed. The model also showed that indirect effect of religiousness, mediated by patience, caused well-being level to be promoted more markedly than direct effect of eudaimonic well-being. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the coefficients of the emotions and beliefs dimensions of religiousness on eudaimonic well-being were greater than those of outcomes and rituals. It is therefore suggested to train religious teachings and rituals accompanied by patience, as a moral virtue, and put greater emphasis on the internalization and institutionalization of beliefs (such as self-knowledge and God) and religious feelings (such as attachment to God) to improve the well-being of life, rather than ritual and outcomes dimensions. &nbsp

Prediction of Death Anxiety Based On Demographic Characteristics and Spirituality Components in the Elderly

Background and Objectives: Spirituality is a concept that has found its position in the field of psychology for&nbsp; years. The purpose of present study is to examine that spirituality and demographic characteristics to what extent can predict death anxiety and to determine how to use spirituality as a frame and supportive source against the difficulties like death anxiety. Methods: Methods this descriptive study was correlational. Statistical society of the present study was consisted of older adults of retirement homes that from them 245 (121 female and 124male) older adults were recruited via accessible sampling method and responded to Death anxiety Scale (DAS) and Spiritual Assessment Inventory(SAI). Data of research were analyzed by enter regression analysis by using SPSS Software. Results: The results showed that among the spirituality components, disappointment and instability were predicators of the death anxiety. It means that the increases in these two components lead to the increase in the death anxiety. None of the demographic characteristics in this study could predict the death anxiety. Conclusion: The result indicates that the spirituality components can significanty predict death anxiety.So it can be concluded with the raising spirituality components among the older adults, their death anxiety rate decreased

The Relationship between Self-Criticism and Sensitivity to Rejection with Psychological Distress in Female Students: Mediating Role of Self-silencing

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-silencing components in the relationship between self-criticism and rejection sensitivity with the psychological distress of female students. The research sample was 381 female students from the Salman Farsi University of Kazerun who participated in this study virtually by responding to the questionnaire link. This link is a set of items related to the four questionnaires: Levels of self-criticism (Thompson & Zuroff, 2004), Sensitivity to Rejection Questionnaire (Downey & Feldman, 1996), Silencing the Self Scale (Jack & Dill, 1992), and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). The results of the analysis performed using the structural equation modeling in AMOS-22 software showed that the levels of self-criticism and sensitivity to rejection, in addition to direct effects on various aspects of students' psychological distress, also affected the extent of their psychological distresses indirectly by mediating to two components of self-silencing: externalized self-perception and divided-self. The findings of this study especially emphasize the importance of the mediating role of two components of self-silencing (externalized self-perception and divided-self) in the effect of sensitivity to rejection and self-criticism of young girls on their psychological distress

Role of Temperament and Emotional Security in Academic Destructive Behaviors of Secondary School Students

Background: Academic destructive behaviors are influenced by multiple factors such as the temperament and emotional security. This study aimed to describe academic destructive behaviors based on temperament and emotional security. Materials and methods: This correlative study recruited a sample of 503 students, selected through&nbsp;random stratified multi-stage sampling. The&nbsp; statistical population included all secondary school&nbsp;students in Bushehr city. Data were collected using Temperament Inventory, Emotional Security in the Family System Inventory and Academic Destructive Behaviors Scale. Data were analyzed through the&nbsp;structural equation modeling (SEM) using the Amos 22 software and SPSS 21. Results: Results showed a meaningful relationship between the variable of temperamental traits and both academic destructive behaviors (&beta;= -0.36, P< 0.001) and the emotional security (&beta;=0.52, P< 0.001). There was also a direct meaningful relationship between the variable of emotional security and academic destructive behaviors (&beta;= -0.59, P< 0.001). Besides, the temperamental traits, indirectly and through the mediation of emotional security, showed a significant relationship with academic destructive behaviors (&beta;=- 0.31, P< 0.001). Conclusion: Given the findings of the present study, it is suggested that temperament and emotional&nbsp;security be addressed in planning for education, training and mental health programs. &nbsp

Prediction of the Reminiscence Functions in Older Adults on the Basis of the Five Personality Factor Model

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to examine the prediction of the reminiscence functions in older adults on the basis of the five personality factor model.&nbsp; Methods & Materials: 242 elderly adults older than 60 were recruited from retirement clubs of the city of Shiraz via available sampling method. The participants completed the Reminiscence Functions Scale and Goldberg's International Personality Item Pool. Forty participants were deleted from the sample because they did not complete the questionnaires fully. All the participants took part in the study with their conscious consent. To conduct the necessary descriptive and inferential statistical operations, SPSS (Version 16) was used. Mean, standard deviation and Pearson correlation coefficient were utilized to analyze the data in the descriptive statistics section, And in inferential statistics section, simultaneous multiple regression was used to predict reminiscence functions.&nbsp; Results: According to the results of the multiple regression analysis, Neuroticism predicted the reminiscence functions of Bitterness Revival (&beta;=0.28, P&le;0.001) and Intimacy Maintenance (&beta;=0.25, P&le;0.001) and Extraversion predicted the reminiscence functions of Teach/Inform (&beta;=0.18, P<0.05).&nbsp; Conclusion: The results indicated that people with higher levels of psychological distress tend to rehash and ruminate on bitter memories and hold onto memories of intimate social relations who are no longer part of their lives. Moreover, extravert people tend to share memories to transmit a lesson of life and share personal ideologies and experiences. Clinicians should focus on more adaptive functions of reminiscence (e.g., identity, problem solving and teach/inform) and teach such functions