Sekundäre Prädikate im Ungarischen und einigen anderen finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen

Wir sprechen von ‚sekundären Prädikaten‘ (SPs), wenn sich ein Adjektiv, ein Nomen oder ein non-finites Verb prädikativ auf einen Aktanten (Subjekt, Objekt) bezieht. Dieses SP stellt, zusätzlich zur primären Prädikation (P1), eine sekundäre Prädikation (P2) dar. Dabei unterscheiden wir zwischen (a) depiktiven sekundären Prädikaten (dep-SPs) (Peter trinkt den Kaffee warm) und (b) resultativen sekundären Prädikaten (res-SPs) (Ernő streicht das Regal rot). Im Laufe der Arbeit hat sich gezeigt, dass Unterschiede nicht nur im Sprachvergleich, sondern auch zwischen dep-SP und res-SP bestehen: Res-SPs sind in allen untersuchten Sprachen viel stärker in die syntaktische Struktur eingebettet, weisen Zusammenhänge mit Verbalpartikeln und Aspektualität auf und bilden mit dem Verb eine engere Einheit. Sie sind nur in einigen Fällen weglassbar. Dep-SPs hingegen sind Adjunkte und als solche weglassbar. Sie werden in allen untersuchten finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen (Ungarisch, Mansisch, Finnisch, Marisch) mit Nominalsuffixen und non-finiten Verben markiert. Im Sprachvergleich konnte festgestellt werden, dass das Vorkommen von res-SPs in einem relativ großen Ausmaß von der grammatischen Struktur der jeweiligen Sprache abhängt. So sind im Deutschen, als einer eher analytischen Sprache, res-SPs weiter verbreitet als im Ungarischen oder Mansischen, die beide eine stark ausgeprägte Morphologie haben. Für das Ungarische haben wir den folgenden res-SP-Konstruktionstyp festgestellt: ‚(NOM-NP) _ ACC-NP _ Cx-AP _ V[S]/V[S/O]‘. Das res-SP wird durch eine kasusmarkierte Adjektivphrase (Cx-AP) ausgedrückt und das Verb muss neben dem Subjekt auch das Objekt markieren (V[S/O], wenn das Objekt definit ist. (Res-SPs, die nicht APs sind, wurden nicht untersucht.) Die Produktivität von res-SPs wird also im Ungarischen durch diese beiden Faktoren stark eingeschränkt

Poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma is associated with high expression of enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2)

Background: Enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) is a polycomb group (PcG) family protein. Acting as a histone methyltransferase it plays crucial roles in maintaining epigenetic stem cell signature, while its deregulation leads to tumor development. EZH2 overexpression is commonly associated with poor prognosis in a variety of tumor types including carcinomas, lymphomas and soft tissue sarcomas. However, although the synovial sarcoma fusion proteins SYT-SSX1/2/4 are known to interact with PcG members, the diagnostic and prognostic significance of EZH2 expression in synovial sarcoma has not yet been investigated. Also, literature data are equivocal on the correlation between EZH2 expression and the abundance of trimethylated histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) motifs in tumors. Methods: Immunohistochemical stains of EZH2, H3K27me3, and Ki-67 were performed on tissue microarrays containing cores from 6 poorly differentiated, 39 monophasic and 10 biphasic synovial sarcomas, and evaluated by pre-established scoring criteria. Results of the three immunostainings were compared, and differences were sought between the histological subtypes as well as patient groups defined by gender, age, tumor location, the presence of distant metastasis, and the type of fusion gene. The relationship between EZH2 expression and survival was plotted on a Kaplan-Meier curve. Results: High expression of EZH2 mRNA and protein was specifically detected in the poorly differentiated subtype. EZH2 scores were found to correlate with those of Ki-67 and H3K27me3. Cases with high EZH2 score were characterized by larger tumor size (≥5cm), distant metastasis, and poor prognosis. Even in the monophasic and biphasic subtypes, higher expression of EZH2 was associated with higher proliferation rate, larger tumor size, and the risk of developing distant metastasis. In these histological groups, EZH2 was superior to Ki-67 in predicting metastatic disease. Conclusions: High expression of EZH2 helps to distinguish poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma from the monophasic and biphasic subtypes, and it is associated with unfavorable clinical outcome. Importantly, high EZH2 expression is predictive of developing distant metastasis even in the better-differentiated subtypes. EZH2 overexpression in synovial sarcoma is correlated with high H3K27 trimethylation. Thus, along with other epigenetic regulators, EZH2 may be a future therapeutic target

Correlation between DNA ploidy, metaphase high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization results and clinical outcome of synovial sarcoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although synovial sarcoma is the 3rd most commonly occurring mesenchymal tumor in young adults, usually with a highly aggressive clinical course; remarkable differences can be seen regarding the clinical outcome. According to comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) data published in the literature, the simple and complex karyotypes show a correlation between the prognosis and clinical outcome. In addition, the connection between DNA ploidy and clinical course is controversial. The aim of this study was using a fine-tuning interpretation of our DNA ploidy results and to compare these with metaphase high-resolution CGH (HR-CGH) results.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>DNA ploidy was determined on Feulgen-stained smears in 56 synovial sarcoma cases by image cytometry; follow up was available in 46 cases (average: 78 months). In 9 cases HR-CGH analysis was also available.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>10 cases were found DNA-aneuploid, 46 were DNA-diploid by image cytometry. With fine-tuning of the diploid cases according to the 5c exceeding events (single cell aneuploidy), 33 cases were so called "simple-diploid" (without 5c exceeding events) and 13 cases were "complex-diploid"; containing 5c exceeding events (any number). Aneuploid tumors contained large numbers of genetic alterations with the sum gain of at least 2 chromosomes (A-, B- or C-group) detected by HR-CGH. In the "simple-diploid" cases no or few genetic alterations could be detected, whereas the "complex-diploid" samples numerous aberrations (equal or more than 3) could be found.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results show a correlation between the DNA-ploidy, a fine-tuned DNA-ploidy and the HR-CGH results. Furthermore, we found significant correlation between the different ploidy groups and the clinical outcome (p < 0.05).</p

Primary neuroendocrine tumor of the breast - report of 2 cases

BACKGROUND Primary neuroendocrine tumor of the breast is rare, although 20-30% of primary breast carcinomas show neuroendocrine differentiation to some degree. According to the 2012 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Breast the current classification recognizes 3 subgroups of breast tumors with neuroendocrine features: Neuroendocrine tumor, well-differentiated; Neuroendocrine tumor, poorly-differentiated; Invasive breast carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation. Due to the low prevalence of this disease our understanding of its development, prognosis and effective therapy is limited. Up to date there are approximately 125 cases reported in the English and non-English literature. Here we report two further cases. MATERIAL-METHODS Our first patient was 63 years old and presented with a 3 cm large mobile nodule in the upper outer quadrant of her right breast. After a complete clinicopathological work-up of imaging techniques and core needle biopsy with an initial diagnosis of invasive carcinoma of no special type (IBC NST), lumpectomy and sentinel node biopsy was recommended by the institutional tumor board. The second patient was 75 years old and presented with a 2 cm large mobile nodule in the upper outer quadrant of her left breast. Lumpectomy was performed based on fine needle aspiration cytology results that revealed the malignant proliferation. RESULTS Histological examination of the surgical specimens revealed neuroendocrine differentiation in approximately 90% of the tumor cells in both cases. Immunohistochemical studies and additional imaging studies disclosed the possibility of metastasis to the breast. DISCUSSION Neuroendocrine differentiation of breast tumors is a controversial issue and there are numerous questions in terms of histogenesis, diagnostics and clinical considerations. To establish the correct diagnosis, characteristic growth patterns and cytological and immunohistochemical features of neuroendocrine differentiation should be carefully evaluated

Biocompatibility study of poly(vinyl alcohol)-based electrospun scaffold for hernia repair

Abdominal hernia is a purely surgical disorder where due to a defect in the abdominal wall, tissues or organs can extrude out of the abdominal cavity. The only conclusive treatment is surgical making a mesh implantation indispensable. Tissue engineering is now a promising method for creating scaffolds that provide an adequate support for tissue ingrowth. Our purpose was to develop a non-adhesive hernia mesh, which could be used in the repair of abdominal wall hernias but concurrently a scaffold for abdominal tissue regeneration. Poly(vinyl alcohol) bulk hydrogels are promising materials in wound dressing hence, interest in electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) meshes has emerged in the past few years for different biomedical applications. In the present paper, preparation of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) fiber membranes and their in vitro and in vivo behaviors were followed to study the adhesion, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of the meshes. Our results showed that the surface of PVA meshes does not favor cell adhesion in vitro. During the animal experiments, PVA meshes demonstrated good integration into the surrounding tissue with minimal inflammatory reaction and minimal adhesions to intra abdominal structures

Validation of diagnostic accuracy using digital slides in routine histopathology

Background: Robust hardware and software tools have been developed in digital microscopy during the past years for pathologists. Reports have been advocated the reliability of digital slides in routine diagnostics. We have designed a retrospective, comparative study to evaluate the scanning properties and digital slide based diagnostic accuracy. Methods: 8 pathologists reevaluated 306 randomly selected cases from our archives. The slides were scanned with a 20 × Plan-Apochromat objective, using a 3-chip Hitachi camera, resulting 0.465 μm/pixel resolution. Slide management was supported with dedicated Data Base and Viewer software tools. Pathologists used their office PCs for evaluation and reached the digital slides via intranet connection. The diagnostic coherency and uncertainty related to digital slides and scanning quality were analyzed. Results: Good to excellent image quality of slides was recorded in 96%. In half of the critical 61 digital slides, poor image quality was related to section folds or floatings. In 88.2 % of the studied cases the digital diagnoses were in full agreement with the consensus. Out of the overall 36 incoherent cases, 7 (2.3%) were graded relevant without any recorded uncertainty by the pathologist. Excluding the non-field specific cases from each pathologist’s record this ratio was 1.76 % of all cases. Conclusions: Our results revealed that: 1) digital slide based histopathological diagnoses can be highly coherent with those using optical microscopy; 2) the competency of pathologists is a factor more important than the quality of digital slide; 3) poor digital slide quality do not endanger patient safety as these errors are recognizable by the pathologist and further actions for correction could be taken. Virtual slides: The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here