Идея бессмертия в романе «Преступление и наказание»

In Dostoevsky’s early work there is a concept of “higher personalities” capable of dominating other people and destiny; the writer borrowed it from German Romanticism. It may seem that the novel “Crime and Punishment” is written in connection with the fact that Dostoevsky parted with this idea. However, in “A Writer’s Diary” for 1876 there is a similar conception of the “higher types”, of people who rise above ordinary people, “living animal life”, and have a special meaning in history. But now Dostoevsky believes that the real “higher personalities” are truly religious personalities who correctly understand the idea of immortality. In this regard, it can be argued that the novel “Crime and Punishment” aims not to deny the theory of the existence of “higher personalities”, but to refute its misinterpretation. Raskolnikov, the protagonist of the novel, must understand that a person becomes a “higher personality” not because of power or wealth, but by accepting genuine faith associated with a correct understanding of the idea of immortality. The meaning of this idea in the novel is expressed, on the one hand, with the help of the story of the resurrection of Lazarus and, on the other hand, with the help of Svidrigailov’s judgment of “other worlds”; it corresponds to the concept of reincarnation, which is present in the teachings of many European philosophers (J. Bruno, Leibniz, Kant, Fichte), its meaning is that a person will live an infinite number of lives, like life on earth. Dostoevsky probably borrowed this idea from the late religious teachings of Fichte, which was popular in the circle of N. Stankevich and had a strong influence on the views of V. Belinsky.В раннем творчестве Достоевского присутствует представление о «высших личностях», способных господствовать над другими людьми и над судьбой; писатель позаимствовал его из немецкого романтизма. Может показаться, что роман «Преступление и наказание» написан в связи с тем, что Достоевский расстался с этим представлением. Однако в «Дневнике писателя» за 1876 г. есть аналогичное представление о «высших типах», о людях, которые возвышаются над обычными людьми, «живущими животной жизнью», и обладают особым значением в истории. Но теперь Достоевский считает, что настоящие «высшие личности» — это подлинно религиозные личности, правильно понимающие идею бессмертия. В связи с этим можно утверждать, что роман «Преступление и наказание» имеет целью не отрицание теории о существовании «высших личностей», а опровержение ее неправильной интерпретации. Раскольников, главный герой романа, должен понять, что человек становится «высшей личностью» не благодаря власти или богатству, а благодаря принятию подлинной веры, связанной с правильным пониманием идеи бессмертия. Смысл этой идеи в романе выражен, с одной стороны, с помощью истории воскресения Лазаря и, с другой стороны, с помощью суждения Свидригайлова об «иных мирах»; она соответствует концепции реинкарнации, которая присутствует в учениях многих европейских философов (Дж. Бруно, Лейбниц, Кант, Фихте) и предполагает, что человеку предстоит прожить бесконечное число жизней, подобных земной жизни. Достоевский, вероятно, позаимствовал это представление из позднего религиозного учения Фихте, которое было популярно в кружке Н. Станкевича и оказало сильное влияние на взгляды В. Белинского

Some regularities for a cooled current lead

An analytical study is presented for leads cooled by the vapor from the boiling coolant. Graphs are presented for leads with a temperature difference between room temperature and helium temperature. It is found that the model is of sufficient accuracy for design calculations. © 1975 Plenum Publishing Corporation

Trusted and controlled design route complex-functional VLSI using foreign and domestic CAD systems

The article discusses the design flow for complex functional VLSI circuits at the stage of synthesis and physical synthesis using foreign and domestic CAD systems, which makes it possible to ensure, on the one hand, the characteristics of the VLSI in accordance with the capabilities of foreign CAD systems, on the other hand, to exclude undeclared functions that are possible due to use of Western CAD systems. The design flow is divided into two main stages: logical synthesis and physical synthesis. Security is ensured by using only domestic trusted RTL codes and IP blocks and checking, carried out by domestic trusted CAD, for compliance of the source RTL code obtained as a result of design on foreign CAD with the netlist, as well as analysis for the absence of circuits and circuits not connected to inputs/outputs the developed scheme. In addition to domestic CAD, it is possible to use verified CAD based on the freely available YOSYS. The design flow should include four additional domestic ERC checks; the functions of these checks are given. The design flow is intended for the creation of complex functional VLSI by Russian design centers and Centers for collective design of radio-electronic products. The flow of synthesis and physical synthesis is considered, indicating the names of the files obtained at each stage. A table is presented of the CAD products used by Synopsys, Cadence, Mentor Graphics (Siemens) for carrying out the considered design stages with technological standards of 28-65 nm. In conclusion, a justification for the design flow for complex functional VLSI using Western and domestic CAD systems is given and the work necessary for the development of this direction is listed

On a functional differential equation

© 2017, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.Conditions for the existence and uniqueness of a solution to a problem for a functional differential equation are presented. A special case of this equation is a functional differential equation derived previously by the authors for the distribution density of the brightness of light in interstellar space in the case of several clouds uniformly distributed in the equatorial plane of the Galaxy and having different optical densities