Tomaat : rassenproef 1e beoordeling 2/3 hokkig en 3/5 hokkig : herfstteelt 1982

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of the genetic code: partial optimization of a random code for robustness to translation error in a rugged fitness landscape"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/24</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():24-24.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211284.</p><p></p>of the standard code; (b) Distribution of the scores for the codes obtained by optimization of the codes from (set ), the blue line is the cost of the code obtained by optimization of the standard code; (c) Minimization percentage of the codes from (see text for details); the blue line is the minimization percentage of the standard code

The narrowing of the range of possible histories and the increased likelihood of the emergence of high complexity brought about by the transition from chance to biological evolution

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "The cosmological model of eternal inflation and the transition from chance to biological evolution in the history of life"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/15</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():15-15.</p><p>Published online 31 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1892545.</p><p></p> The thick read arrow shows the history that leads to the breakthrough system

A crude stereochemical model of a direct interaction of two amino acid with a hexanucleotide representing their cognate codons

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "On the origin of the translation system and the genetic code in the RNA world by means of natural selection, exaptation, and subfunctionalization"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/14</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():14-14.</p><p>Published online 31 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1894784.</p><p></p

Evolution of the genetic code: partial optimization of a random code for robustness to translation error in a rugged fitness landscape-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of the genetic code: partial optimization of a random code for robustness to translation error in a rugged fitness landscape"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/24</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():24-24.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211284.</p><p></p> cost functions (1) where () is the frequency of codon ; , , are the cost functions (1) for () = 1 , , ;are the cost functions (1) where () is the respective amino acid frequency; in , , (

Projection of the code maps onto the plane of the first two principal components (see text for details)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of the genetic code: partial optimization of a random code for robustness to translation error in a rugged fitness landscape"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/24</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():24-24.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211284.</p><p></p> Red 'x' signs, random codes, ; red circles, codes resulting from optimization of random codes, ; green squares, random codes that perform better than the standard code, ; green asterisks, codes resulting from optimization of the set , ; blue square, the standard code; blue asterisk, the code resulting from the optimization of the standard code. (a) PRS; (b) the Gilis matrix

Evolution of the genetic code: partial optimization of a random code for robustness to translation error in a rugged fitness landscape-5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Evolution of the genetic code: partial optimization of a random code for robustness to translation error in a rugged fitness landscape"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/2/1/24</p><p>Biology Direct 2007;2():24-24.</p><p>Published online 23 Oct 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2211284.</p><p></p>swaps). Crosses show the mean values ± one standard deviation. The green line shows the cost of the standard code, and the blue shows the cost of the code that was obtained by minimization of the standard one. The top x-axis is the number of codes that did not reach their local minimum at the preceding step (starting from 300 random codes). The evolution of each code was followed until the code could not be improved anymore. (b) The number of codes that need exactly pairwise swaps to reach minimum vs ; the blue line is the number of steps for the standard code to reach its local fitness peak (9); the red line is the mean of the distribution (19). (c) Same as (a) but the search started with 100 random codes that outperform the standard code. (d) Same as (b) but the search started with 100 random codes that outperform the standard code

The tree is the same as in Figure 1 except that the some of the outgroups were collapsed and species names are not indicated for simplicity

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Homoplasy in genome-wide analysis of rare amino acid replacements: the molecular-evolutionary basis for Vavilov's law of homologous series"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/3/1/7</p><p>Biology Direct 2008;3():7-7.</p><p>Published online 17 Mar 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2292158.</p><p></p

The branches of the tree are designated: , nematodes, , Insect "old", , Insect "new", , deuterostome "old", , Deuterostome "new" (see text for details)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Homoplasy in genome-wide analysis of rare amino acid replacements: the molecular-evolutionary basis for Vavilov's law of homologous series"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/3/1/7</p><p>Biology Direct 2008;3():7-7.</p><p>Published online 17 Mar 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2292158.</p><p></p

The numbers at branches indicated the number of RGC CAMs which is the measure of branch length

L1 and L2 are internal branch lengths. L3 is the terminal branch length. Tc is the known divergence time for two closely related species (calibration time for L3). Te is the estimated time of the worms-insects-vertebrates divergence. Reversals are shown in red and parallel changes are shown in blue. indicates the insect internal "old" branch and indicates the insect internal "new" branch (see text). Species abbreviations: (Hs), (Ce), (Dm), (Sc), (Sp), (At), (Ag), (Pf), (Cb), and (Mm), (Bm), (Aa), (Ci), (Am), (Cn), (Dd), (Nv), (St), and (Ta)<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Homoplasy in genome-wide analysis of rare amino acid replacements: the molecular-evolutionary basis for Vavilov's law of homologous series"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/3/1/7</p><p>Biology Direct 2008;3():7-7.</p><p>Published online 17 Mar 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2292158.</p><p></p

Distribution of reversals on the internal nematode branch in 255 sampling experiments

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Homoplasy in genome-wide analysis of rare amino acid replacements: the molecular-evolutionary basis for Vavilov's law of homologous series"</p><p>http://www.biology-direct.com/content/3/1/7</p><p>Biology Direct 2008;3():7-7.</p><p>Published online 17 Mar 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2292158.</p><p></p