SNPs identification and Assay Part Numbers for OpenArray testing.

<p>SNPs identification and Assay Part Numbers for OpenArray testing.</p

Genotypic and allelic frequencies observed in the studied population using the OpenArray method.

<p>Genotypic and allelic frequencies observed in the studied population using the OpenArray method.</p

Comparison of the results obtained using OpenArray analysis and Light Cycler (LC).

<p>Comparison of the results obtained using OpenArray analysis and Light Cycler (LC).</p

Mortality among blood donors seropositive and seronegative for Chagas disease (1996–2000) in São Paulo, Brazil: A death certificate linkage study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Individuals in the indeterminate phase of Chagas disease are considered to have mortality rates similar to those of the overall population. This study compares mortality rates among blood donors seropositive for Chagas disease and negative controls in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.</p><p>Methodology/principal findings</p><p>This is a retrospective cohort study of blood donors from 1996 to 2000: 2842 seropositive and 5684 seronegative for Chagas disease. Death status was ascertained by performing probabilistic record linkage (RL) with the Brazil national mortality information system (SIM). RL was assessed in a previous validation study. Cox Regression was used to derive hazard ratios (HR), adjusting for confounders. RL identified 159 deaths among the 2842 seropositive blood donors (5.6%) and 103 deaths among the 5684 seronegative (1.8%). Out of the 159 deaths among seropositive donors, 26 had the 10th International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) indicating Chagas disease as the underlying cause of death (B57.0/B57.5), 23 had ICD-10 codes (I42.0/I42.2/I47.0/I47.2/I49.0/I50.0/I50.1/ I50.9/I51.7) indicating cardiac abnormalities possibly related to Chagas disease listed as an underlying or associated cause of death, with the others having no mention of Chagas disease in part I of the death certificate. Donors seropositive for Chagas disease had a 2.3 times higher risk of death due to all causes (95% Confidence Interval (95% CI), 1.8–3.0) than seronegative donors. When considering deaths due to Chagas disease or those that had underlying causes of cardiac abnormalities related to Chagas disease, seropositive donors had a risk of death 17.9 (95% CI, 6.3–50.8) times greater than seronegative donors.</p><p>Conclusions/significance</p><p>There is an excess risk of death in donors seropositive blood for Chagas disease compared to seronegative donors. Chagas disease is an under-reported cause of death in the Brazilian mortality database.</p></div

Comparison of deceased blood donors seronegative and seropositive for Chagas disease, at FPS, São Paulo, Brazil, from 1996–2000, by ICD-10 chapters of the underlying causes of death.

<p>Comparison of deceased blood donors seronegative and seropositive for Chagas disease, at FPS, São Paulo, Brazil, from 1996–2000, by ICD-10 chapters of the underlying causes of death.</p

Mortality numbers and rates for the cohorts of individuals seropositive for Chagas disease or seronegative for all screening tests at FPS, São Paulo, Brazil, from 1996–2000.

<p>Estimated crude and adjusted hazard ratios, for three different mortality case definitions.</p

Underlying causes of death of all donors included in the study classified as “Confirmed and possible deaths due to Chagas disease”.

<p>Underlying causes of death of all donors included in the study classified as “Confirmed and possible deaths due to Chagas disease”.</p

Comparison of blood donors seronegative and seropositive for Chagas disease, at FPS, São Paulo, Brazil, from 1996–2000, by age, gender, year of blood donation and mortality.

<p>Comparison of blood donors seronegative and seropositive for Chagas disease, at FPS, São Paulo, Brazil, from 1996–2000, by age, gender, year of blood donation and mortality.</p

Cumulative survival of blood donors at FPS, São Paulo, Brazil, from 1996–2000, by <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> serology status.

<p>Cumulative survival of blood donors at FPS, São Paulo, Brazil, from 1996–2000, by <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i> serology status.</p

The Virological and Immunological Characteristics of the HIV-1-Infected Population in Brazil: From Initial Diagnosis to Impact of Antiretroviral Use

<div><p>Background</p><p>Immunological and virological status of HIV-infected individuals entering the Brazilian public system over time was analyzed. We evaluated the impact of ART on virological, immunological and antiretroviral resistance over time.</p><p>Methods</p><p>CD4+ T cell counts, viral loads and genotypes from patients over 13 years old from 2001–2011 were analyzed according to demographic data. We compared groups using parametric t-tests and linear regression analysis in the R statistical software language.</p><p>Results</p><p>Mean baseline CD4+ T cell counts varied from 348 (2003) to 389 (2009) and was higher among women (p = 1.1 x 10⁻⁸), lower in older patients (p< 1 x 10⁻⁸) and lower in less developed regions (p = 1.864 x 10⁻⁵). Percentage of treated patients with undetectable viral loads increased linearly from 46% (2001) to 77% (2011), was lower among women (p = 2.851 x 10⁻⁶), younger ages (p = 1 x 10⁻³), and in less developed regions (p = 1.782 x 10⁻⁴). NRTI acquired resistance was 86% in 2001–3 and decreased over time. NNRTI resistance increased from 2001-3(50%) to 2006–9 (60%), PI resistance decreased from 2001–3 (60%) to 2009 (40%), and 3-class resistance was stable over time around 25%. Subtype prevalence comprised B (75.3%), B/F recombinants (12.2%), C (5.7%), F (5.3%) and B/C recombinants (1.5%), with regional variations. Three-class resistance was 26.5% among Bs, 22.4% among Fs and 17.2% among Cs.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>HIV diagnosis occurs late, especially among elderly Brazilians. Younger individuals need special attention due to poor virological response to treatment. Antiretroviral Resistance profile is subtype related.</p></div