Beckett’s Prose Fiction and <i>Waiting for Godot</i>:The Boy(s) Undoing the Inner/Outer World Split

Waiting for Godot is not often presented as homologous with Beckett’s narrative fiction. However, a close consideration of the status of the boy(s) in the play shows that the drama text undermines the dichotomy between inner and outer world, which Beckett was addressing in comparable ways in his novels and art criticism

Survey of prevalence of protective and risk factors for SIDS in the Netherlands

BACKGROUND: From 1987 on, surveys have been conducted in the Netherlands to monitor babycare habits and target safe sleeping prevention campaigns. The last survey was conducted in 2011. In the Netherlands, the 2016 incidence of SIDS (R95) was 0.075/1000 live births (n=13); taking into account adjacent categories the SUDI incidence was 0.15/1000 (n=26). This low incidence, the lowest in the Western world, may result in decreased parental awareness of SIDS risks and complacency regarding preventive messages. Therefore, a new survey was conducted. OBJECTIVES: 1) To measure the prevalence of protective and risk factors for SIDS in the Netherlands in 2017 including new customs of babycare. 2) To compare 2011 prevalences with 2017. 3) To investigate why parents do not follow recommendations regarding safe sleep position and location. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire (52 questions). The study population encompassed parents/caregivers of infants up to 1 year of age living in the Netherlands. Between February 12 – April 30, 2017, invitations with a link to the questionnaire were distributed to 9000 parents visiting 17 child healthcare organizations. In healthcare centers in socially more deprived neighborhoods research assistants helped parents fill out the online questionnaire. In May and June, invitations to participate were also communicated using social media. We used SPSS 24 to calculate prevalence rates and performed a content analysis of answers on open-ended questions on reasons for not following SIDS prevention advice. RESULTS: In total 1289 questionnaires were filled out, of which 80 were excluded, mostly because the child was too old. The study population was comparable to the Dutch population in terms of sex ratio, preterm infants, and parents with a lower education. First-born infants and parents with a higher education were overrepresented, families with a migration background were underrepresented. Sleeping prone increased from 3.1% of infants when 0-2 months old to 13.6% at 9-11 months. Infants aged 0-2 months slept in a separate room in 31.5%, roomshared with parents in 52.3%, slept in an attached bedside sleeper in 9.7% and with their parent(s) in bed in 6.3%. For age 7-8 months this was respectively 71.2%, 15.2%, 4.0% and 8%. Only 4.5% of infants used a duvet. The typical Dutch sleeping sack (wearable blanket) was used for 55.8% of infants. Only 50% of infants 0-2 months and 23.6% of infants 5-6 months were breastfed exclusively. Of all mothers, 4z had smoked during pregnancy; of all infants 21.3% were exposed to parents’ smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The number of infants that sleep prone is comparable to 2011, with still significant room for improvement. Roomsharing with infants 0-2 months has increased significantly since 2011, but so has bedsharing. These data are important for future preventive campaigns

Assessing the quality and communicative aspects of patient decision aids for early-stage breast cancer treatment: a systematic review

Purpose: Decision aids (DAs) support patients in shared decision-making by providing balanced evidence-based treatment information and eliciting patients’ preferences. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the quality and communicative aspects of DAs for women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. Methods: Twenty-one currently available patient DAs were identified through both published literature (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and PsycINFO) and online sources. The DAs were reviewed for their quality by using the International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS) checklist, and subsequently assessed to what extent they paid attention to various communicative aspects, including (i) information presentation, (ii) personalization, (iii) interaction, (iv) information control, (v) accessibility, (vi) suitability, and (vii) source of information. Results: The quality of the DAs varied substantially, with many failing to comply with all components of the IPDAS criteria (mean IPDAS score = 64%, range 31–92%). Five aids (24%) did not include any probability information, 10 (48%) presented multimodal descriptions of outcome probabilities (combining words, numbers, and visual aids), and only 2 (10%) provided personalized treatment outcomes based on patients and tumor characteristics. About half (12; 57%) used interaction methods for eliciting patients’ preferences, 16 (76%) were too lengthy, and 5 (24%) were not fully accessible. Conclusions: In addition to the limited adherence to the IPDAS checklist, our findings suggest that communicative aspects receive even less attention. Future patient DA developments for breast cancer treatment should include communicative aspects that could influence the uptake of DAs in daily clinical practice

Overgewicht en obesitas bij jonge kinderen (0-4 jaar): gedrag en opvattingen van ouders

Doel. Beschrijven van risicogedrag en opvattingen over voeding, beweging en opvoeding in gezinnen met jonge kinderen, in relatie tot specifieke risicogroepen voor overgewicht. Opzet. Dwarsdoorsnedeonderzoek. Methode. Op consultatiebureaus voor zuigelingen en peuters verspreid over het land werden 534 ouders benaderd voor het invullen van vragenlijsten over voeding, beweging en opvoeding. Er werd gevraagd naar achtergrondkenmerken en ook werd een aantal stellingen getoetst. Via een bivariate en multivariate analyse werd per stelling onderzocht of de antwoorden gekoppeld waren aan specifieke risicogroepen. Resultaten. De respons bedroeg 73 (390 ouders). Bij 15 van de 2-4-jarigen was er sprake van overgewicht, inclusief 3,7 met obesitas. De ouders hadden relatief vaak opvattingen en gedragingen die kenmerkend zijn voor een ongezonde leefstijl van jonge kinderen. Zo was men in 1 op de 7 gezinnen niet gewend om te ontbijten. Van de respondenten beschouwde 43 gezoete melkdrank als een goede vervanger voor melk en had 39 van de kinderen altijd frisdrank binnen handbereik. Een vijfde van de ouders gaf aan niet voldoende tijd te hebben om met hun kind naar buiten te gaan. Ongeveer 1 op de 10 peuters van 2-4 jaar had een tv op de eigen kamer; 22 mocht zelf bepalen of hij of zij tv keek en 9 hoelang dat gebeurde. Vooral in gezinnen met niet-westerse moeders, laagopgeleide moeders of moeders met een uitkering kwamen deze specifieke risicogedragingen frequenter voor. Het gebruikmaken van kinderopvang of peuterspeelzaal leek op enkele punten beschermend te werken. Conclusie. In gezinnen met kinderen van 0-4 jaar kwam frequent gedrag voor dat op latere leeftijd in verband staat met overgewicht. Gezien de toename van overgewicht en obesitas bij jonge kinderen is het starten van onderzoek waarin opvoeding wordt geoptimaliseerd gerechtvaardigd, met speciale aandacht voor het gedrag van ouders ten aanzien van 5 speerpunten: borstvoeding, meer buiten spelen en bewegen, regelmatig en goed ontbijten, minder consumeren van gezoete drank en minder tv-kijken en computeren. Door interventies in te zetten bij jonge leeftijdsgroepen kan worden voorkomen dat ongezonde leef- en opvoedingsstijlen ontstaa

PHOX2B polyalanine repeat length is associated with sudden infant death syndrome and unclassified sudden infant death in the Dutch population

Unclassified sudden infant death (USID) is the sudden and unexpected death of an infant that remains unexplained after thorough case investigation including performance of a complete autopsy and review of the circumstances of death and the clinical history. When the infant is below 1 year of age and with onset of the fatal episode apparently occurring during sleep, this is referred to as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). USID and SIDS remain poorly understood despite the identification of several environmental and some genetic risk factors. In this study, we investigated genetic risk factors involved in the autonomous nervous system in 195 Dutch USID/SIDS cases and 846 Dutch, age-matched healthy controls. Twenty-five DNA variants from 11 genes previously implicated in the serotonin household or in the congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, of which some have been associated with SIDS before, were tested. Of all DNA variants considered, only the length variation of the polyalanine repeat in exon 3 of the PHOX2B gene was found to be statistically significantly associated with USID/SIDS in the Dutch population after multiple test correction. Interestingly, our data suggest that contraction of the PHOX2B exon 3 polyalanine repeat that we found in six of 160 SIDS and USID cases and in six of 814 controls serves as a probable genetic risk factor for USID/SIDS at least in the Dutch population. Future studies are needed to confirm this finding and to understand the functional effect of the polyalanine repeat length variation, in particular contraction, in exon 3 of the PHOX2B gene

Statins Impair Antitumor Effects of Rituximab by Inducing Conformational Changes of CD20

Jakub Golab and colleagues found that statins significantly decrease rituximab-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against B cell lymphoma cells