Turkmenistan and the virtual politics of Eurasian energy: the case of the TAPI pipeline project

In December 2015, leaders from Central and South Asia took part in the ground-breaking ceremony for the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) natural gas pipeline project. Sixteen months later, a confusing information flow continues to obfuscate external assessments of the project’s development: official rhetoric notwithstanding, there is no certainty on the details of project financing, while the pipeline route has yet to be determined. To illuminate this obscure implementation path, this article regards TAPI as a virtual pipeline, an infrastructure project that wields invaluable influence only when it is employed as a foreign policy tool or permeates domestic discourses of progress framed by the elites of the four consortium partners. The constituent elements of TAPI virtuality are discussed here through a dedicated focus on the process of energy policy-making of Turkmenistan – the sole supplier of gas for the pipeline project and the consortium’s key stakeholder

Additional file 3: of Offspring reaction norms shaped by parental environment: interaction between within- and trans-generational plasticity of inducible defenses

Contrast method on the estimates of models for shell thickness, shell length, shell width and ratio shell length / shell width in the G2 generation (see Table 1 for analyses of covariance). (DOC 49 kb

Additional file 1: of Offspring reaction norms shaped by parental environment: interaction between within- and trans-generational plasticity of inducible defenses

Experimental design for evaluating WGP x TGP interaction. (DOC 60 kb

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Phenotypic variation (larval period, mass at Gosner stage 42 and growth rate) of populations located along an altitudinal garden. Phenotypic traits have been measured in a common garden experiment

Additional file 8: Figure S4. of Drift, selection, or migration? Processes affecting genetic differentiation and variation along a latitudinal gradient in an amphibian

Colour scheme for the allele distribution maps a) MHC gene and b) RCO8640 gene. (PDF 875 kb

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