Magnon delocalization in ferromagnetic chains with long-range correlated disorder

We study one-magnon excitations in a random ferromagnetic Heisenberg chain with long-range correlations in the coupling constant distribution. By employing an exact diagonalization procedure, we compute the localization length of all one-magnon states within the band of allowed energies $E$. The random distribution of coupling constants was assumed to have a power spectrum decaying as $S(k)\propto 1/k^{\alpha}$. We found that for $\alpha < 1$, one-magnon excitations remain exponentially localized with the localization length $\xi$ diverging as 1/E. For $\alpha = 1$ a faster divergence of $\xi$ is obtained. For any $\alpha > 1$, a phase of delocalized magnons emerges at the bottom of the band. We characterize the scaling behavior of the localization length on all regimes and relate it with the scaling properties of the long-range correlated exchange coupling distribution.Comment: 7 Pages, 5 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.

Age of the Ribeir?o da Folha ophiolite, Ara?ua? orogen : the U-Pb zircon (LA-ICPMS) dating of a plagiogranite.

O Or?geno Ara?ua?, de idade neoproteroz?ica, se estende da margem sudeste do Cr?ton do S?o Francisco ao Oceano Atl?ntico, entre os paralelos 15? e 21? S. O est?gio rifte da bacia precursora do Or?geno Ara?ua? ? balizado pela idade U-Pb SHRIMP de ca. 875 Ma dada por granitos anorog?nicos. A evolu??o orog?nica ? subdividida nos est?gios pr?-colisional (ca. 630-585 Ma), sin-colisional (ca. 585-560 Ma), tardi-colisional (ca. 560-530 Ma) e p?s-colisional (ca. 530-490 Ma). Remanescentes de rochas magm?ticas de assoalho oce?nico, localizados no setor central deste or?geno, t?m sido descritos na literatura geol?gica desde 1990. O mais completo destes registros oce?nicos ? o ofiolito de Ribeir?o da Folha, situado nos arredores da vila hom?nima, no munic?pio de Minas Novas, MG. O ofiolito de Ribeir?o da Folha ? uma associa??o litol?gica tectonicamente desmembrada, composta por fatias de rochas meta-ultram?ficas e metam?ficas que foram embutidas por empurr?es em pacotes da Forma??o Ribeir?o da Folha (unidade distal do Grupo Maca?bas). Esta forma??o, na ?rea enfocada, consiste de micaxistos e cianita-grafita xistos (pelitos pel?gicos), com intercala??es de metacherts sulfetados, diopsiditos sulfetados, corpos de sulfetos maci?os, forma??es ferr?feras bandadas dos tipos ?xido, sulfeto e silicato, e orto-anfibolitos finos (metabasaltos), metamorfisados nas zonas da cianita da f?cies anfibolito m?dio. Dados geotermobarom?tricos dos micaxistos peraluminosos revelaram condi??es metam?rficas em torno de 550? C a 5,5 kbar. As assinaturas litoqu?micas das rochas metam?ficas e meta-ultram?ficas revelam afinidade ofiol?tica e origem em assoalho oce?nico. Os dados isot?picos Sm-Nd destas rochas mostram valores positivos de epsilon Nd (+3 a +7), e as idades modelo e isocr?nica sugerem desenvolvimento de litosfera oce?nica durante o Neoproteroz?ico. Todas as tentativas anteriores de recupera??o de zirc?o a partir de volumosas amostras das rochas metam?ficas foram infrut?feras. Contudo, corpos leucocr?ticos semelhantes a plagiogranito foram reconhecidos poucos anos atr?s e se tornaram um dos principais alvos da tese de doutorado da primeira autora. Estes corpos ocorrem sob a forma de veios irregulares com dimens?es milim?tricas a centim?tricas (at? 50 cm), e s?o encaixados por orto-anfibolito bandado de granula??o m?dia a grossa (metadolerito a metagabro). Os corpos leucocr?ticos consistem de metaplagiogranito foliado, composto essencialmente por plagiocl?sio c?lcico com bordas alb?ticas, quartzo, hornblenda e epidoto, com titanita, sulfeto, apatita e zirc?o como os principais minerais acess?rios. Os cristais de zirc?o da amostra de plagiogranito s?o eu?dricos e muito l?mpidos, e mostram morfologia prism?tica elongada (3:1), sugerindo origem magm?tica. An?lises U-Pb por LA-ICPMS (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry) foram realizadas em dezoito cristais de zirc?o e mostram resultados concordantes, indicando idade de cristaliza??o magm?tica de 660 ? 29 Ma. Esta idade baliza a ?poca de gera??o de crosta oce?nica na bacia precursora do Or?geno Ara?ua?. O espalhamento de algumas das an?lises ao longo da curva conc?rdia sugere perda de Pb devido ao metamorfismo de f?cies anfibolito em ca. 580 Ma. A idade de ca. 660 Ma plagiogranito precede a maior idade U-Pb (ca. 630 Ma) de tonalitos deformados do arco magm?tico pr?-colisional, bem como a idade U-Pb (ca. 582 Ma) dos granitos sincolisionais mais antigos

Polychaete invader enhances resource utilization in a species-poor system

Ecosystem consequences of biodiversity change are often studied from a species loss perspective, while the effects of invasive species on ecosystem functions are rarely quantified. In this experimental study, we used isotope tracers to measure the incorporation and burial of carbon and nitrogen from a simulated spring phytoplankton bloom by communities of one to four species of deposit-feeding macrofauna found in the species-poor Baltic Sea. The recently invading polychaete Marenzelleriaarctia, which has spread throughout the Baltic Sea, grows more rapidly than the native species Monoporeia affinis, Pontoporeia femorata (both amphipods) and Macoma balthica (a bivalve), resulting in higher biomass increase (biomass production) in treatments including the polychaete. Marenzelleria incorporated and buried bloom material at rates similar to the native species. Multi-species treatments generally had higher isotope incorporation, indicative of utilization of bloom material, than expected from monoculture yields of the respective species. The mechanism behind this observed over-yielding was mainly niche complementarity in utilization of the bloom input, and was more evident in communities including the invader. In contrast, multi-species treatments had generally lower biomass increase than expected. This contrasting pattern suggests that there is little overlap in resource use of freshly deposited bloom material between Marenzelleria and the native species but it is likely that interference competition acts to dampen resulting community biomass. In conclusion, an invasive species can enhance incorporation and burial of organic matter from settled phytoplankton blooms, two processes fundamental for marine productivity

Primeiro levantamento de mosca das frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) e diversidade de parasitoides entre frutos de myrtaceae em todo o Estado da Bahia, Brasil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species that use myrtaceous fruit, particularly guava, as hosts in several localities in the state of Bahia and to determine the infestation rates, pupal viability rates, and fruit fly-parasitoid associations. Sampling of myrtaceous fruit was carried out in 24 municipalities in different regions in the state of Bahia. Four fruit fly species, Anastrepha fraterculus, Anastrepha zenildae, Anastrepha sororcula, and Ceratitis capitata were obtained from the collected fruit. Three parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) emerged from Anastrepha larvae/pupae, Doryctobracon areolatus, Utetes anastrephae, and Asobara anastrephae. Doryctobracon areolatus emerged from A. fraterculus, A. sororcula and A. zenildae; Utetes anastrephae emerged from A. fraterculus and A. zenildae; and Asobara anastrephae emerged from A. fraterculus. Fruit fly and myrtaceous fruit associations are reported for the first time in several municipalities in the state of Bahia. A. zenildae was found infesting Syzygium malaccense for the first time in Brazil

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Efeito da Desordem em Excitações Magnéticas Elementares

A inclusão da desordem nos diversos sistemas físicos tem trazido relevantes resultados nos últimos anos no estudo das propriedades dos materiais. Devido à forte relação entre o modelo de Anderson e o de Heisenberg, para as excitações magnéticas elementares, é esperado que a desordem excerça um papel semelhante para ambos os casos, desta forma, munidos de recursos computacionais mais avançados, refizemos os cálculos para investigar o papel da desordem nos auto-estados de 1-magnon. Os resultados já encontrados para o caso eletrônico nos motivaram a investigar, também, a inclusão de correlações na distribuição de desordem para o caso magnético. Nossos resultados confirmaram as expectativas, ou seja, a inclusão de desordem nas constantes de interação de troca entre os pares de spin faz com que os seus auto-estados se limitem à uma região finita da cadeia. Já com a inclusão da correlação de longo alcance, esta tendência sofre uma mudança para um grau da correlação alpha &gt; 1.0. Neste caso, surge uma banda de auto-estado estendido em epsilon &lt; 2.5

Investigação da influência do processamento na dinâmica molecular de nanocompósitos de policarbonato e argila organofílica obtidos via intercalação por fusão On the influence of processing parameters on the molecular dynamics of melt intercalated polycarbonate-clay nanocomposites

Nanocompósitos baseados em policarbonato e argila organofílica foram obtidos pelo método de intercalação por fusão em câmara de mistura sob diferentes valores de torque e temperatura. A influência desses parâmetros na qualidade da dispersão da argila na matriz polimérica foi investigada por ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de baixo campo, empregando o tempo de relaxação longitudinal, T1H, e por difração de raios X. As diferenças nos tempos de relaxação longitudinal e nos padrões de difração de raios X foram correlacionadas com a formação de domínios com mobilidades distintas. O nanomaterial formado apresentou morfologia intercalada com afastamento crescente das camadas de argila, conforme as condições de processamento se tornavam mais severas. A RMN ¹H mostrou que tanto o cisalhamento quanto a temperatura afetaram a mobilidade das cadeias poliméricas, explicitando a homogeneidade crescente da distribuição dos domínios de relaxação, de acordo com o aumento do torque e da temperatura.<br>Polycarbonate-organofilic clay nanocomposites were obtained via the melt intercalation method in the blending chamber of a torque rheometer, under distinct values of shear and temperature. The influence of those processing parameters on the clay dispersion in the polymer matrix was probed by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), using the T1H measurement technique and by wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). The differences in longitudinal relaxation times and in the X-ray reflection patterns were correlated with the formation of relaxation domains with particular molecular mobility, as progressively larger intercalated morphologies were found in the nanocomposites due to the increase of shear stress and temperature. ¹H NMR has shown that both shearing and temperature have played a fundamental part on the polymer chains mobility, which explains the increase in the domain´s homogeneity following the increment of those processing parameters