Effekter av redusert jordarbeiding og forbedrede jordarbeidingsteknikker på klimagassutslipp i planteproduksjon – et forprosjekt.

Norsk: Denne rapporten er resultatet av et forprosjekt gjennomført som et samarbeid mellom Ruralis – Institutt for rural- og regionalforskning og Høgskolen i Innlandet. Tilnærmingen er todelt; der del 1 er en innledende litteraturstudie som gir oversikt over relevant norsk og internasjonal forskning omkring redusert jordarbeiding og forbedrede jordarbeidingsteknikker, med hensyn på reduserte klimagassutslipp og miljøbelastninger. Del 2 er hoveddelen av rapporten, og er en pilotstudie som omhandler bønders interesse for og erfaring med redusert jordarbeiding i sin daglige drift, og er basert på intervjuer med i alt 12 gårdbrukere på Østlandet og i Trøndelag. Med redusert jordarbeiding menes endringer i antall operasjoner og tilpasning til nye redskapstyper, slik at det benyttes færre operasjoner enn tidligere for å bearbeide og bruke jorda. I mange tilfeller betyr redusert jordarbeiding bortfall av veltefjølsplog, men ikke alltid. Vi belyser bøndenes teknikker for jordarbeiding, som harving og andre arbeidsoperasjoner på jordbruksarealene. Valgene av teknikker og operasjoner tas for eksempel hos enkelte bønder som følge av tilpasninger til værforhold, økonomisering av drift, eller forsøk på å redusere klimagassutslipp, i noen tilfeller alt sammen. Andre bønder kjenner til mulighetene for, eller har forsøkt å endre teknikker og operasjoner, men har likevel valgt å fortsette som tidligere. Alle bøndenes valg bunner ifølge dem selv i deres ideer om best mulig bruk av jorda. Rapporten inneholder funn som det vil bygges videre på i utformingen av hovedprosjekt innen fremtidige valg av jordarbeidingsstrategier i Norge, tilpasset et endret klima, krav til lavere energibruk ved jordarbeiding og bedret virkningsgrad i arbeidsoperasjonene tilknyttet jordarbeiding og planteetablering.English: This report is the result of a preliminary project conducted in a collaboration between Ruralis – Institute for Rural and Regional Research and HINN – Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences. Our approach consists of two parts; Part 1 is a literature review of relevant Norwegian and international research on reduced soil tilling and improved techniques of soil cultivation, including effects on climate gas emissions and environmental hazards. Part 2 is the main part of the report and, is a pilot study about farmers’ interest in and experiences with reduced soil tillage in their daily farming operations. This qualitative study is based on interviews with 12 farmers in two areas, the Østlandet area in the eastern part of Norway and Trøndelag county in the middle part of Norway. What is meant by reduced soil tillage is changes in number of operations and adjustments to new equipment, resulting in reduction in number of operations compared to former practices to cultivate the soil. In many instances reduced soil tillage is involves exclusion of the tillage plough, but this is not always so. We investigate the farmers’ techniques for soil tillage, such as harrowing and other operations in the fields. Their choice of techniques and operations are based on, amongst other things, the weather conditions, economization of the farming, or attempts in reducing climate gas emissions, in some instances all of them at once. Other farmers know about the opportunities for, or have tried to change, techniques and operations, but have chosen to continue previous procedures. All the farmers’ choices are, according to themselves, based on their own ideas regarding how to best cultivate the soil. The report contains results which we will build on in our preparations for a main project researching future choices of soil tillage strategies in Norway, that is, strategies adapted to a changing climate, resulting in reduced energy consumption and improved efficiency in the operations on soil and plant cultivation

Metabolic cold acclimation of 'Polka' and 'Honeoye' strawberries under natural field conditions

The winter hardiness of strawberry varieties used in perennial production systems varies greatly. Still, little information is available on how plant metabolism adapts to cold and freezing temperatures under natural temperature and light conditions. In order to examine the hardening process of overwintering meristematic tissue in Fragaria ananassa, crown samples of field-grown var. ‘Polka’ and ‘Honeoye’ were consecutively collected over a period of 15 weeks, i.e. from the end of the season (week 35/ end August) until midwinter (week 50/ December). Samples were subjected to qGC MS metabolite profiling to assess the reconfiguration of central metabolism, and characterize the regulation of selected compatible solutes. Besides changes in amino acid patterns (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and asparagine), monosaccharide levels (fructose) increased strongly in ‘Honeoye’ (180 fold compared to start control) towards the end of the acclimation period. In contrast, ‘Polka’ showed a concentration peak (36-fold) in week 47 and a decline towards week 50. Also sucrose levels were steadily increased throughout the cold hardening period with averagely 6-fold higher levels in ‘Honeoye’ compared to ‘Polka’, thus underscoring cultivar-dependent differences. However, both varieties showed a decline in sucrose levels after week 47. Particularly, the raffinose pathway was affected leading to strongly and transiently increased levels of the precursor galactinol (week 42/ mid-October) and the trisaccharide raffinose (weeks 43 to 47/ end October to mid-November). While galactinol biosynthesis was earlier induced in ‘Polka’ (week 38) compared to ‘Honeoye’ (week 39), subsequent raffinose production was delayed in ‘Polka’ (week 47) compared to ‘Honeoye’ (week 45). Major metabolic changes in both varieties coincided with a decrease in day length below 14 h in mid-September, and a consistent drop below 10°C average day temperature by the end of September

Metabolic cold acclimation of 'Polka' and 'Honeoye' strawberries under natural field conditions

The winter hardiness of strawberry varieties used in perennial production systems varies greatly. Still, little information is available on how plant metabolism adapts to cold and freezing temperatures under natural temperature and light conditions. In order to examine the hardening process of overwintering meristematic tissue in Fragaria ananassa, crown samples of field-grown var. ‘Polka’ and ‘Honeoye’ were consecutively collected over a period of 15 weeks, i.e. from the end of the season (week 35/ end August) until midwinter (week 50/ December). Samples were subjected to qGC MS metabolite profiling to assess the reconfiguration of central metabolism, and characterize the regulation of selected compatible solutes. Besides changes in amino acid patterns (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and asparagine), monosaccharide levels (fructose) increased strongly in ‘Honeoye’ (180 fold compared to start control) towards the end of the acclimation period. In contrast, ‘Polka’ showed a concentration peak (36-fold) in week 47 and a decline towards week 50. Also sucrose levels were steadily increased throughout the cold hardening period with averagely 6-fold higher levels in ‘Honeoye’ compared to ‘Polka’, thus underscoring cultivar-dependent differences. However, both varieties showed a decline in sucrose levels after week 47. Particularly, the raffinose pathway was affected leading to strongly and transiently increased levels of the precursor galactinol (week 42/ mid-October) and the trisaccharide raffinose (weeks 43 to 47/ end October to mid-November). While galactinol biosynthesis was earlier induced in ‘Polka’ (week 38) compared to ‘Honeoye’ (week 39), subsequent raffinose production was delayed in ‘Polka’ (week 47) compared to ‘Honeoye’ (week 45). Major metabolic changes in both varieties coincided with a decrease in day length below 14 h in mid-September, and a consistent drop below 10°C average day temperature by the end of September

Metabolic cold acclimation of 'Polka' and 'Honeoye' strawberries under natural field conditions

The winter hardiness of strawberry varieties used in perennial production systems varies greatly. Still, little information is available on how plant metabolism adapts to cold and freezing temperatures under natural temperature and light conditions. In order to examine the hardening process of overwintering meristematic tissue in Fragaria ananassa, crown samples of field-grown var. ‘Polka’ and ‘Honeoye’ were consecutively collected over a period of 15 weeks, i.e. from the end of the season (week 35/ end August) until midwinter (week 50/ December). Samples were subjected to qGC MS metabolite profiling to assess the reconfiguration of central metabolism, and characterize the regulation of selected compatible solutes. Besides changes in amino acid patterns (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and asparagine), monosaccharide levels (fructose) increased strongly in ‘Honeoye’ (180 fold compared to start control) towards the end of the acclimation period. In contrast, ‘Polka’ showed a concentration peak (36-fold) in week 47 and a decline towards week 50. Also sucrose levels were steadily increased throughout the cold hardening period with averagely 6-fold higher levels in ‘Honeoye’ compared to ‘Polka’, thus underscoring cultivar-dependent differences. However, both varieties showed a decline in sucrose levels after week 47. Particularly, the raffinose pathway was affected leading to strongly and transiently increased levels of the precursor galactinol (week 42/ mid-October) and the trisaccharide raffinose (weeks 43 to 47/ end October to mid-November). While galactinol biosynthesis was earlier induced in ‘Polka’ (week 38) compared to ‘Honeoye’ (week 39), subsequent raffinose production was delayed in ‘Polka’ (week 47) compared to ‘Honeoye’ (week 45). Major metabolic changes in both varieties coincided with a decrease in day length below 14 h in mid-September, and a consistent drop below 10°C average day temperature by the end of September

Dehydrin, alcohol dehydrogenase, and central metabolite levels are associated with cold tolerance in diploid strawberry (Fragaria spp.)

The use of artificial freezing tests, identification of biomarkers linked to or directly involved in the low-temperature tolerance processes, could prove useful in applied strawberry breeding. This study was conducted to identify genotypes of diploid strawberry that differ in their tolerance to low-temperature stress and to investigate whether a set of candidate proteins and metabolites correlate with the level of tolerance. 17 Fragaria vesca, 2 F. nilgerrensis, 2 F. nubicola, and 1 F. pentaphylla genotypes were evaluated for low-temperature tolerance. Estimates of temperatures where 50 % of the plants survived (LT50) ranged from −4.7 to −12.0 °C between the genotypes. Among the F. vesca genotypes, the LT50 varied from −7.7 °C to −12.0 °C. Among the most tolerant were three F. vesca ssp. bracteata genotypes (FDP821, NCGR424, and NCGR502), while a F. vesca ssp. californica genotype (FDP817) was the least tolerant (LT50 −7.7 °C). Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), total dehydrin expression, and content of central metabolism constituents were assayed in select plants acclimated at 2 °C. The LT50 estimates and the expression of ADH and total dehydrins were highly correlated (r adh = −0.87, r dehyd = −0.82). Compounds related to the citric acid cycle were quantified in the leaves during acclimation. While several sugars and acids were significantly correlated to the LT50 estimates early in the acclimation period, only galactinol proved to be a good LT50 predictor after 28 days of acclimation (r galact = 0.79). It is concluded that ADH, dehydrins, and galactinol show great potential to serve as biomarkers for cold tolerance in diploid strawberry

Dehydrin, alcohol dehydrogenase, and central metabolite levels are associated with cold tolerance in diploid strawberry (Fragaria spp.)

The use of artificial freezing tests, identification of biomarkers linked to or directly involved in the low-temperature tolerance processes, could prove useful in applied strawberry breeding. This study was conducted to identify genotypes of diploid strawberry that differ in their tolerance to low-temperature stress and to investigate whether a set of candidate proteins and metabolites correlate with the level of tolerance. 17 Fragaria vesca, 2 F. nilgerrensis, 2 F. nubicola, and 1 F. pentaphylla genotypes were evaluated for low-temperature tolerance. Estimates of temperatures where 50 % of the plants survived (LT50) ranged from −4.7 to −12.0 °C between the genotypes. Among the F. vesca genotypes, the LT50 varied from −7.7 °C to −12.0 °C. Among the most tolerant were three F. vesca ssp. bracteata genotypes (FDP821, NCGR424, and NCGR502), while a F. vesca ssp. californica genotype (FDP817) was the least tolerant (LT50 −7.7 °C). Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), total dehydrin expression, and content of central metabolism constituents were assayed in select plants acclimated at 2 °C. The LT50 estimates and the expression of ADH and total dehydrins were highly correlated (r adh = −0.87, r dehyd = −0.82). Compounds related to the citric acid cycle were quantified in the leaves during acclimation. While several sugars and acids were significantly correlated to the LT50 estimates early in the acclimation period, only galactinol proved to be a good LT50 predictor after 28 days of acclimation (r galact = 0.79). It is concluded that ADH, dehydrins, and galactinol show great potential to serve as biomarkers for cold tolerance in diploid strawberry

Kunnskapsstatus om bærekraftig norsk fôrproduksjon til havbruk og husdyr i jordbruket

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Kunnskapsstatus om bærekraftig norsk fôrproduksjon til havbruk og husdyr i jordbruket

publishedVersio