Conflict, identity and co-operation : the relations of the Christian church with the traditional, colonial and national states in Ghana with special reference to the period 1916-1966

A traditional State in the Gold Coast was an amalgamation of towns and villages in a given geographical and ethnic area whose people possessed a common language, culture and religion and ruled by a democratic central government headed by a Paramount chief. The colonial State resulted from the European presence which was motivated by commercial and political interests. It superseded the traditional States but did not destroy them. In their efforts to advance their political interests, the European authorities needed the help of the christian missionaries whom the traditional authorities regarded as part of European political power. The relationship between the colonial State and the Christian Missions was most prominently seen in the field of education. The missionary enterprise resulted in the planting and growth of the Church which had to relate to both the traditional and the colonial States, giving them its social and political allegiance. The religious allegiance of the Church belonged to its Lord and its refusal to give it to the traditional State resulted in conflict between the two. The Church's success in securing a degree of customary law and religious observance exemptions for christians including chiefs, was an aspect of the influence of Christianity which desacralized the traditional State and chiefship to some extent. By providing formal education, the use of the christian press and serving as a role model for African leadership, the Church proved to be the architect of Gold Coast nationalism and thus the achievement of Ghanaian independence. The Church's reaction to some of the policies of the Nkrumah Government compelled it to get actively involved in national politics while living outside party politics. The result is that subsequent course of Church-State relations in Ghana has been dictated by the events which took place under the First Republic. The Church in Ghana is the only conceivable counterbalance to the national State. The Christian Council of Ghana and the Ghana Catholic Bishops' Conference are a powerful instrument for the Church's actions on national issues

Applications and Action Mechanisms of Probiotic-Based Multi-Components

editorial reviewedProbiotic-based multi-component preparations refer to a mixture of bioactive agents, containing probiotics or postbiotics as main functional ingredients, and prebiotics, protectants, stabilizers, encapsulating agents, and other compounds as additional constituents.One Health approaches to support agroecological transformation of peri-urban farming1. No poverty2. Zero hunger3. Good health and well-being10. Reduced inequalities11. Sustainable cities and communities12. Responsible consumption and production13. Climate action17. Partnerships for the goal

Embedded Software of the KM3NeT Central Logic Board

The KM3NeT Collaboration is building and operating two deep sea neutrino telescopes at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes consist of latices of photomultiplier tubes housed in pressure-resistant glass spheres, called digital optical modules and arranged in vertical detection units. The two main scientific goals are the determination of the neutrino mass ordering and the discovery and observation of high-energy neutrino sources in the Universe. Neutrinos are detected via the Cherenkov light, which is induced by charged particles originated in neutrino interactions. The photomultiplier tubes convert the Cherenkov light into electrical signals that are acquired and timestamped by the acquisition electronics. Each optical module houses the acquisition electronics for collecting and timestamping the photomultiplier signals with one nanosecond accuracy. Once finished, the two telescopes will have installed more than six thousand optical acquisition nodes, completing one of the more complex networks in the world in terms of operation and synchronization. The embedded software running in the acquisition nodes has been designed to provide a framework that will operate with different hardware versions and functionalities. The hardware will not be accessible once in operation, which complicates the embedded software architecture. The embedded software provides a set of tools to facilitate remote manageability of the deployed hardware, including safe reconfiguration of the firmware. This paper presents the architecture and the techniques, methods and implementation of the embedded software running in the acquisition nodes of the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes

The nature and dynamics of culture and its social, moral and religious dimensions

The scope of the nature and functions of culture is very wide and its components are many and varied. It is a complex phenomenon which can be defined to cover almost every aspect of life. For this reason, no exhaustive and conclusive definition of the subject has ever been put forward, although many definitions have been offered in attempts to show what culture means. The complex nature of culture notwithstanding, many people view it as a simple subject and define it from the angle at which they see any of its many components. Some people look at culture from its aesthetic perspective and thus define it in terms of drumming and dancing while others present it in the picture of certain aspects of religion. This situation does not only bring about misrepresentation but also confusion and conflict especially on the religio-cultural frontiers. The object of this article is to elucidate the nature and the dynamics of culture and its various dimensions and to indicate that it is the product of human achievement in the control of nature. It is a body of learned behaviours which is dynamic and adaptable. It is a social heritage which evolves from generation to generation. It is a factor of unity, pluralistic and a teleological enterprise which has a biblical basis. Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 25(2) 2005: 91-10