Failure Mode and Cost Effect Analysis of a Model Bone Crushing Hammer

Critical investigation of strength properties of materials is required in Engineering practice to ensure an enhanced service life. Globally, industrialists are struggling to increase cost savings from lost production due to the failure of machine, while customers are concerned about the safety and reliability of the products. Hammer mills are prone to various modes of failure like chemical failure, erosive failure, abrasive failure and fatigue failure. The effect of these failure modes is always detrimental to the operation of the machine and its efficiency. Hence, forensic investigation is essential to determine the failure modes and their effects on hammer mills for bone crushing. Field investigation was carried out to monitor the hammer mill in operation for 12 months with a production of 20 bags per hour. The total production per day for 8 hours is expected to be 160 bags at a given speed. Thus, the cost of machine downtime on production is huge. The Pareto method was used to determine the effect of downtime on revenue and production for a period of one year. The hours of failure were between 1 to 2 hours per day. The loss in revenue was calculated using the variation of number of failure with time, as obtained from hammer mill. The outcome showed that hammers investigated failed as a result of abrasive wear, fatigue, impact, and chemical wear, respectively. The cost of downtime was found to be $ 37,745,809,920.00 CAD for the period of study. Based on findings, wide ranging factors are required to evaluate the performance of the hammer mill for improved productivity and efficiency. These are proper material selection, design and appropriate operational parameters. However, there is need for optimisation of the hammer material via heat treatment methods as this will reduce the yearly cost of production, downtime of the milling machine for bone crushing as well as improvement in productivity

Sustainable energy for national climate change, food security and employment opportunities: Implications for Nigeria

This paper looks into the issues around renewable energy with a view to identify the opportunities for Nigeria and critically review the nation’s renewable energy policy vis-a-vis ` the efforts and achievement of governments and indigenous practitioners. It identified the inherent opportunities of renewable energy resources at ameliorating the incidents of climate change and global warming and also surveyed international statistics on the relationships between energy and renewable energy adoption, national development, population explosion, job creation and rural-urban integration. It found out that for Nigeria to sustain economic growth especially as it relates to agriculture and food security, renewable energy for power generation must be included in the nation’s rural development plan. It also demonstrated that renewable energy poses an opportunity for mitigating the nation’s contributions to anthropogenic climate change

Effect of Case Hardening on the Wear and hardness properties of Medium Carbon Steel for Bone Crushing Application

The majority of wear-related problems are connected to crushing machines because hammer failure frequently causes machine failure which eventually leads to machine downtime. Therefore, improving the reliability of crushing materials is necessary for effective production. This research investigation focused on the development of crushing material with appropriate strength properties that can function in critical, impact-prone, corrosive, and abrasive conditions. The current study used palm kernel shell, coconut shell, and sawdust powder as the media for medium carbon steel in order to valorize the agro waste. Carburising media PKS-composition, CS-composition, and SD-composition were changed to 40%: 30%: 30%, PKS-composition 100%, CS-composition 100%, and SD-composition 100%. The process was carried out in 1 hr (60 mims), 1 hr:30 mins (90 mins), 2 hr (120 mins), 2 hr:30 (150 mins), and 3 hr (180 mins) soak period with varied carburising temperatures of 900, 950, 1000, and 1050 °C. However, several characterisation and mechanical tests were carried out using an optical microscope, a spark spectrometer, a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer, wear tester to explore their microstructural features. Vicker's hardness tester, sliding wear tester, and a thermal gravimetric analysis testing machine were also employed. In order to establish reasons for failure other than the cyclic loading on the materials, the results were compared with the properties of as-received un-failed, and carburised medium carbon steel. The results of carburisation show that PKS penetrates carbon at a rate that is noticeably higher than that of other materials at various temperatures and times, indicating that carbon diffuses deeply into the material. Hence, this enhances the wear resistance, and sample's hardness number but decreased its impact toughness respectively

Dynamic Simulation of Gear System Based on 2D Space Multibody Physics: A Sustainable Gear Design Approach

The study employed a two-dimensional (2D) space with multibody dynamics as the physics to simulate the dynamic behaviour of intermeshing gears. Both the gear teeth and the gear body were employed to simulate the principal stress and strain as well as the Von Mises stress of the gear system. A pair of meshing teeth were examined from the pinion and the other from the gear for accurate contact stress-strain simulation. The validity of the proposed gear simulation was verified from principal surface stress, Von Mises stress, principal surface strain, elastic strain and total displacement. The results show that the dynamic behaviour of the gear could be attributed to the critical meshing characteristics of the single and double teeth. The peak-to-peak pattern of the Von Mises stress indicates the essential points of stress, which could cause the occurrence of the failure modes. The research of the gear motion study is profoundly enriched and served as a critical reference for gear design

Sustainable energy for national climate change, food security and employment opportunities: Implications for Nigeria

YesThis paper looks into the issues around renewable energy with a view to identify the opportunities for Nigeria and critically review the nation’s renewable energy policy vis-`a-vis the efforts and achievement of governments and indigenous practitioners. It identified the inherent opportunities of renewable energy resources at ameliorating the incidents of climate change and global warming and also surveyed international statistics on the relationships between energy and renewable energy adoption, national development, population explosion, job creation and rural-urban integration. It found out that for Nigeria to sustain economic growth especially as it relates to agriculture and food security, renewable energy for power generation must be included in the nation’s rural development plan. It also demonstrated that renewable energy poses an opportunity for mitigating the nation’s contributions to anthropogenic climate change.This work was supported by the British Academy Global Challenges Research Fund under Grant number GCRFNGR3\1541 and Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Sustainable energy for national climate change, food security and employment opportunities: Implications for Nigeria

This paper looks into the issues around renewable energy with a view to identify the opportunities for Nigeria and critically review the nation's renewable energy policy vis-à-vis the efforts and achievement of governments and indigenous practitioners. It identified the inherent opportunities of renewable energy resources at ameliorating the incidents of climate change and global warming and also surveyed international statistics on the relationships between energy and renewable energy adoption, national development, population explosion, job creation and rural-urban integration. It found out that for Nigeria to sustain economic growth especially as it relates to agriculture and food security, renewable energy for power generation must be included in the nation's rural development plan. It also demonstrated that renewable energy poses an opportunity for mitigating the nation's contributions to anthropogenic climate change