Diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of stress fractures in the lower extremity in runners

Leamor Kahanov,1 Lindsey E Eberman,2 Kenneth E Games,2 Mitch Wasik2 1College of Health Science, Misericordia University, Dallas, PA, USA; 2Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA Abstract: Stress fractures account for between 1% and 20% of athletic injuries, with 80% of stress fractures in the lower extremity. Stress fractures of the lower extremity are common injuries among individuals who participate in endurance, high load-bearing activities such as running, military and aerobic exercise and therefore require practitioner expertise in diagnosis and management. Accurate diagnosis for stress fractures is dependent on the anatomical area. Anatomical regions such as the pelvis, sacrum, and metatarsals offer challenges due to difficulty differentiating pathologies with common symptoms. Special tests and treatment regimes, however, are similar among most stress fractures with resolution between 4 weeks to a year. The most difficult aspect of stress fracture treatment entails mitigating internal and external risk factors. Practitioners should address ongoing risk factors to minimize recurrence. Keywords: medial tibial stress syndrome, stress injury, nonunion stress fractur

Kinesio Tape and its effects on internal and external range of shoulder.

Department of applied medicine and rehabilitation.L KahanovILL-ETD-00

Effect of Urine Agitation on measurements of hydration status.

Hypohydration can have significant implications on physiological functions of the body and has the potential to decrease level of performance. Hypohydration can lead to increased thermal and cardiovascular strain. • Athletic trainers are commonly required to attain urine specimen samples to assess athlete hydration status for weight checks and monitoring body mass losses. Unfortunately, immediate examination of urine samples is not always possible. • As the urine sample sits, visible and non-visible sedimentation develops. No current literature addresses the sedimentation of urine samples and what procedures should be performed to ensure an accurate hydration assessment.Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation.ILL-ETD-001Each participant completed informed consent and a health questionnaire • We provided participants with clean specimen cup(s) to provide a sample(s) • Within 2 hours of collection, we analyzed each sample using the osmometer, serving as the control. • We split each sample into 3 cups. Samples were labeled according to agitation type and participant number. • All samples were stored in a thermoneutral environment • After 48 hours, we agitated each sample as per the experimental condition • HS: tipped 10 times in hourglass fashion (right side up to up side down) • Vtx: placed on vortex mixer for 10 secs at 3,000 RPM • NS: samples were not disturbe

Digital and clinical refractometers are valid instruments for the measure of hydration status.

Although some instruments have been validated for clinical measure of hydration status, new and currently invalid instruments are available for purchase and clinical use. Athletic trainers commonly use these instruments to assess hydration status for weight checks and body mass loss charts due to their ease of use. However, the validity of these popular instruments has not yet been established.SW YearginILL-ETD-01