Ideologia Hezbollahu i jej ewolucja w latach 1982–2009

"Szyici w Libanie do połowy lat 70. XX w. nie byli aktywni społecznie i politycznie. W efekcie południe kraju i dolina Al-Bika, gdzie zamieszkuje ta grupa religijna, pozostawało słabo rozwinięte pod względem gospodarczym i infrastruktury. Szyici stali się grupą ubogą i drugorzędną. Kiedy w 1960 r. Musa al-Sadr został ich duchowym przywódcą, starał się poprzez organizacje samopomocy społecznej poprawić warunki życia swojej wspólnoty, a także zaktywizować i stworzyć reprezentację szyicką w parlamencie. Musa Sadr założył w 1974 r. Ruch Poniżonych (Harakat al-Mahrumin), który był pierwszą organizacją polityczną szyitów. W 1975 r., kiedy wybuchła wojna domowa w Libanie, rozpoczęła działalność także milicja szyicka Amal (akronim od arabskiego Afwadż al-Mukawama al-Lubnanijja, Libańskie Oddziału Oporu), której przewodniczącym został Nabih Birri. W chwili wybuchu rewolucji w Iranie w 1979 r. szyici libańscy byli już zaznajomieni przez swoich duchownych z pracami i ideami Ruhollaha Chomejniego. "(...

Wpływ zmian i napięć geopolitycznych na Bliskim Wschodzie na dezintegrację Libanu w XXI w.

The article is an analysis of the impact of geopolitical changes and crises in the Middle East to the unity and stability of Lebanon in the XXI century. Disintegration of Lebanon is the result of the confrontation of conflicting interests of the Shiites and Sunnis after 2005, which overlap with the lines of divisions and regional tensions. The origin causes of the crisis in Lebanon are: weak consensus concluded in al-Ta’if in 1989 and the internationalization of ethnic conflict in Lebanon. The factors above and geopolitical conditions linked country with four regional crises, and from their solutions depends the unity and stability of the Lebanese state in the future. These are: civil war in Syria, struggle of domination between Saudi Arabia and Iran, the problem of jihadists of Islamic State, and the Arab-Israeli conflict

Magnetic interactions in frozen solutions of ironporphyrins

The powder samples of meso-tetraphenyloporphyrin iron(III) chloride and ferriprotoporphyrin IX chloride and their frozen in solutions N,N-dimethylformamide were studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The variation of the outer ligands of the porphyrin rings modifies their magnetic properties but the major influence on the magnetic relaxation process exerts the intermolecular magnetic interactions, which are eliminated in dilute solutions

Mobility of interacting inorganic nanoparticles

The mobility of the 110 nm-Fe_{2}O_{3} particles in a viscous sucrose solution depends on the concentration of the nanoparticles. When the average particle particle nearest neighbor distance is less than 250 rim, the particle interaction slows down their mobility. When is more than 170 rim, the small mobility of nanoparticles does not depend on their concentration. The critical distance is approximately equal to 2R_{h} = 260 nm, where R_{h} is the hydrodynamic radius, determined by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method

Mössbauer study of a tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin iron (III) chloride in comparison with the fluorine unsubstituted analogue

Mossbauer investigations, in association with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, have been conducted for the molecular and electronic structures of iron (III) [tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl)] porphyrin chloride [(F_{20}TPP)Fe:Cl], as a Fe(III)-tetraphenylporphyrin complex containing chloride axial ligand and substituted hydrogen atoms by fluorine ones in the four phenyl rings, in comparison with its fluorine unsubstituted analogue [(TPP)Fe:Cl]. It was found that the parameters of Mossbauer spectra of both complexes are close to one another, and correspond to the high-spin state of Fe(III) ions, but they show the different temperature dependence and the quadrupole doublets in Mossbauer spectra show different asymmetry at low temperatures. Results of DFT calculations are analyzed in the light of catalytic activity of the halogenated complex

Sex-related differences in the dioecious species Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh : analysis of the content of phenolic constituents in leaf extracts

Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh. is mentioned as a European folk medicinal plant. This species has also been traditionally used as an edible plant in Eastern Europe because of its nutritional value. During the study, qualitative and quantitative sex-related differences of phenolic constituents in methanolic leaf extracts of R. thyrsiflorus were evaluated. The presence of the same substances (nine phenolic acids before, and six phenolic acids after acid hydrolysis, nine flavonoids, and a catechin) was estimated in both female and male specimens, using the HPLC-DAD method. A statistically significant higher content of eleven constituents in female plant extracts (acids: chlorogenic, p-coumaric, cryptochlorogenic, gallic, protocatechuic, neochlorogenic, vanillic; flavonoids: quercitrin, rhamnetin, rutoside; and a catechin) was shown. This is the first report concerning the relation between the sex and the content of biologically active phenolic secondary metabolites in leaf extracts of R. thyrsiflorus. Female plants of R. thyrsiflorus could be useful for pharmaceutical purposes as a preferential source of bioactive phenolic acids, flavonoids and especially catechin