La biodiversité, outil d’intégration transnationale des discours et pratiques de gestion forestière communautaire et territoriale

Since the 1990s, forest governance is increasingly inserted into globalization processes in the framework of international policies aiming at reducing deforestation, conserving biodiversity and fighting climate change. Facing these issues and the relative absence of local communities into international arenas, community forestry organizations created national and transnational networks. An example of such networks is the Mesoamerican alliance of people and forests (AMPB), created in 2010 and gathering at the same time indigenous peoples and forest communities. One of its main challenges is the construction of common claims among highly heterogeneous actors with often opposed traditions, especially regarding the issue of biodiversity. To what extent transnational community networks contribute to articulate biodiversity scales? Based on a discursive analysis, this paper studies how AMPB’s leaders articulate the diversity of representations on biodiversity among its members through the transnational harmonization of community and territorial forest management practices. The analysis is based on direct observations led in Mexico, Guatemala and Peru, and semi-structured interviews with AMPB’s leaders and partners. This paper seeks to renew the debate around the place of biodiversity in environmental governance as an integration tool in the light of a new actor, transnational community networks. It aims at bringing a renewed perspective on the possible articulations between biodiversity scales, actors and sectors.  Depuis les années 1990, la gouvernance des forêts fait l’objet d’une globalisation croissante dans le cadre des politiques internationales de réduction de la déforestation, puis de conservation de la biodiversité et de lutte contre le changement climatique. Face à ces enjeux et à la relative absence des communautés locales au sein des arènes internationales, des organisations communautaires forestières se sont regroupées sous forme de réseaux nationaux et transnationaux. C’est le cas de l’Alliance mésoaméricaine des peuples et forêts (AMPB), réseau créé en 2010 qui regroupe à la fois des peuples autochtones et des communautés forestières. L’un de ses principaux défis est la construction de revendications communes parmi des acteurs hétérogènes aux traditions parfois opposées, notamment concernant l’enjeu de la biodiversité. Dans quelle mesure les réseaux transnationaux communautaires contribuent-ils à articuler les échelles de la biodiversité ? À travers une analyse discursive, cet article étudie comment les leaders de l’AMPB intègrent la diversité des représentations sur la biodiversité parmi ses membres par l’harmonisation transnationale des pratiques de gestion forestière communautaire et territoriale. L’analyse repose sur la réalisation d’observations directes au Mexique, Guatemala et Pérou, et d’entretiens semi-directifs avec les représentants de l’AMPB et ses alliés. Cet article tente de renouveler le débat sur la place de la biodiversité au sein de la gouvernance environnementale en tant qu’outil d’intégration au prisme d’un nouvel acteur : les réseaux transnationaux communautaires. Il vise à porter un regard nouveau sur les possibles articulations entre échelles, acteurs et secteurs de la biodiversité. &nbsp

Critical Perspectives on Water Governance in Latin America

Book Review Essay   –  ' Grassroots Global Governance: Local Watershed Management Experiments and the Evolution of Sustainable Development', Edited by Craig Kauffman, Oxford University Press, 2016. –   'Water Justice', Edited by Rutgerd Boelens, Tom Perreault and Jeroen Vos, Cambridge University Press, 2018. –   'Drip Irrigation for Agriculture. Untold Stories of Efficiency, Innovation and Development', Edited by Jean-Philippe Venot, Marcel Kuper and Margreet Zwarteveen, Routledge, 2018

Coproduciendo el desarrollo territorial: estrategias público-comunitarias por el agua y los alimentos en Imbabura-Ecuador

This article focuses on the alliances established by the State on the territories with a view to becoming the articulating axis of community processes, in a vertical structure under the guise of participatory and inclusive models. From the experiences of water management and short food commercialization circuits models in Imbabura, this work analyzes, how knowledge is negotiated in the processes of territorial governance and public-community alliances? What are the implications of knowledge co-production processes for the territories? From a perspective of political ecology and territorial development studies, this article analyzes how peasant organizations participate in alliances with public authorities. We found that in a context of water injustice, several community movements in the province seek to participate in and benefit from local and regional development projects. However, these community organizations are forced to negotiate their initial demands to be included in these projects. In parallel, the modernizing ideal, of achieving territorial development from technical notions of modernization, efficiency and professionalization, faces resistance and adaptations from the organizations themselves. A more horizontal negotiation depends on the historical roots of knowledge co-production, according to the actors with whom they are linked.Este artículo se enfoca en las alianzas que el Estado ha buscado establecer en los territorios como eje articulador de los procesos comunitarios, en una estructura vertical bajo los ropajes de modelos participativos e inclusivos. Desde las experiencias de alianzas para manejo del agua y de circuitos cortos de comercialización de alimentos en Imbabura este trabajo analiza ¿cómo se negocian los conocimientos en los procesos de gobernanza territorial y de alianzas público-comunitarias? Qué implicaciones tienen los procesos de coproducción de conocimientos para los territorios? Se analiza, desde una perspectiva de ecología política y estudios del desarrollo territorial, cómo participan organizaciones campesinas en alianzas con organizaciones del Estado. Encontramos que en un contexto de injusticia hídrica, varios movimientos comunitarios en la provincia buscan participar en y beneficiarse de proyectos de desarrollo local y regional. Sin embargo, esas organizaciones comunitarias se ven obligadas a negociar sus demandas iniciales para estar incluidas en esos proyectos. En paralelo, el ideal de desarrollo territorial desde nociones técnicas de modernización, eficiencia y profesionalización, se enfrenta con resistencias y adaptaciones desde las propias organizaciones. Una negociación más horizontal depende de las raíces históricas de coproducción de conocimientos, de acuerdo a los actores con quienes se vinculan

Knowledges co-creation and water conservation in the Global Souths: An introduction

This Special Issue seeks to offer empirical evidence of the forms of knowledge valued by different actors involved in water conservation practices, the dynamics of cross-fertilization dynamics, and possible tensions that emerge. It investigates knowledge dialogue and co-creation around water conservation through case studies at the local, regional and global levels, and including various types of actors – local and indigenous communities, parish and municipal governments, national governments and private businesses. It draws attention to the diverse voices and knowledge on water that are produced from the Global Souths, including traditionally marginalized actors and approaches

Critical Perspectives on Water Governance in Latin America

 Book Review Essay –   Grassroots Global Governance: Local Watershed Management Experiments and the Evolution of Sustainable Development, Edited by Craig Kauffman, Oxford University Press, 2016.–   Water Justice, Edited by Rutgerd Boelens, Tom Perreault and Jeroen Vos, Cambridge University Press, 2018.–   Drip Irrigation for Agriculture. Untold Stories of Efficiency, Innovation and Development, Edited by Jean-Philippe Venot, Marcel Kuper and Margreet Zwarteveen, Routledge, 2018.

Technical vs. Grassroots experts in global water and forests governance

Since the 2000s, facing the increasing globalization and commodification of common-pool resources, community-based organizations managing water and forests at the local level started to create transnational networks. Their main goal is to get direct representation in global governance arenas and to transform languages of expertise around governance norms and the scales at which they operate. The international involvement of grassroots organizations raises several interrogations: who are grassroots experts and to what extent are they different from technical experts dominating international arenas? At what scale and in what field is grassroots expertise constructed as legitimate? Finally, is transnational grassroots expertise based on a harmonization or a diversification of knowledge and practices

Cambio climático, vulnerabilidad social y gestión de conflictos por el agua en el Perú

El objetivo general de este análisis es evaluar a políticas públicas existentes de prevención y manejo de conflictos entorno al agua desarrolladas por el Estado peruano. Esta evaluación nos permitirá identificar las limitaciones de dichas políticas públicas y hacer propuestas desde lo local para una gestión social del agua. Para cumplir con este objetivo, efectuaremos un estudio de tres casos de conflictos elegidos para entender los comportamientos de actores claves que son el Estado, las empresas mineras y las comunidades en el tema de la gestión de los conflictos por el agua. Además, hemos desarrollado tres hipótesis que queremos verificar en este estudio: 1. El contexto de cambio climático y de vulnerabilidad social en el Perú exacerban los conflictos por el agua, y por eso necesitan ser prioridades del Estado. 2. Las inadecuadas políticas públicas de prevención y gestión de conflictos por el agua generan efectos perversos que no permiten una salida de aquellos. 3. La reforma de las estructuras sociales constituye un punto esencial de prevención y manejo de los conflictos por el agua en un contexto de cambio climático. El objetivo más preciso de nuestro estudio es identificar los bloqueos estructurales de la sociedad peruana para insistir en la necesidad de impulsar reformas de fondo por parte del Estado, en condiciones de prevenir o resolver conflictos socio-ambientales

Transnational self-help networks and community forestry: A theoretical framework

Global forest governance is generally analyzed as highly fragmented, meaning that it involves a multiplicity of actors and institutions. This fragmentation may be one explanation of the proliferation of multiple discourses around forest governance produced by some dominant actors. In this context, community forestry organizations are seeking, through their association in the form of transnational self-help networks, to promote alternative discourses around their own model of communitarian governance. These recent experiences question the traditional concepts and approaches that only consider community forestry organizations at the local scale. Based on a transnational political sociology perspective and on concrete experiences from Mesoamerica, this paper aims to present an innovative analytical framework to understand how transnational self-help networks of community forestry contribute to transform norms of forest governance through their discourses. It aims in particular to capture the mechanisms leading to the translation of norms between scales and the production of discourse coalitions within the network. The goal is finally to consider transnational self-help networks of community forestry as full-fledged actors within global forest governance, with the capacity to transform the nature of key norms of governance, particularly those directly affecting their own model

Les nouvelles représentations et pratiques de la gouvernance communautaire de l'eau et des forêts : étude comparée de deux réseaux transnationaux en Amérique Latine

Dans un contexte de pressions croissantes de la part d'États (néo)extractivistes, et de nouvelles opportunités offertes par les arènes environnementales globales, cette recherche offre un panorama des transformations de la gouvernance communautaire de l'eau et des forêts en Amérique Latine au début du 21e siècle. Ces transformations sont étudiées à travers la comparaison de deux réseaux transnationaux communautaires : la Confédération Latino-américaine des Organisations Communautaires de Services d'Eau potable et Assainissement (CLOCSAS) et l'Alliance Mésoaméricaine des Peuples et Forêts (AMPB). Nous poursuivons un triple objectif à travers cette recherche : comprendre les raisons, à la fois contextuelles et individuelles, motivant le passage du local au transnational des organisations de gestion communautaire de l'eau et des forêts ; étudier la nature des transformations induites par l'engagement transnational sur les modèles de gouvernance communautaire promus ; et enfin, saisir les effets de rétroaction de la transnationalisation sur la durabilité des réseaux transnationaux communautaires et des organisations locales