Hypothalamic gene expression during voluntary hypophagia in the Sprague-Dawley rat on withdrawal of the palatable liquid diet, Ensure

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The Missing Link between Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis and Host Cell Damage

Funding: Our own work was funded by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (102549/Z/13/Z), a Wellcome Trust ISSF (RG12723-14), the MRC and University of Aberdeen (MR/N006364/1) (DW); Medical Research Council (MR/J008303/1, MR/M011372/1), Biotechnology & Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/J015261/1), FP7-PEOPLE-2013-Initial Training Network (606786) (JRN); Wellcome Trust Strategic Award for Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology (097377/Z/11/Z) (JRN and DW); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft CRC/TR124 FungiNet Project C1 and SPP 1580 (Hu 528/17-1) and CSCC, German Federal Ministry of Education and Health [BMBF] 01EO1002 (BH). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A study on Marasmius androsaceus Fr. and Marasmius rotula (scop) Fr

i) Nuclear division in the fungi, particularly in the basidiomycetes, is briefly reviewed, and three questions arising out of this have been posed: (a) How do nuclei divide as seen in live observations? (b) How do nuclei of vegetative hyphae divide as seen from fixed and stained preparations? (c) How closely do meiotic divisions I and II in the basidium resemble meiosis in higher plants? ii) The classification and affinities of Marasmius androsaceus and M. rotula are briefly discussed, and work carried out on the organisms has been described. iii) Live observations using phase contrast microscopy were carried out on the organisms, and the mycelia in culture were described. From live observations it was found that (a) growth takes place at the tip of the hypha, and is uninterrupted during the production of clamp connection on the hypha, (b), there is an apparent correlation between the tip of the hypha and the fore nucleus which is usually approximately 120M from the tip, (c) during nuclear division the central grey body of the nucleus disappears, and the clear area only is seen, which eventually disappears too, (d) the filiform mitochondria change their shape constantly, and form a spherical body behind the septum across the main hypha prior to the fusion of clamp with the main hypha, after which they revert to their filiform shape, and (e) the granules within the cytoplasm give positive reaction to the Nadi reagent and Tetrazolium chloride, suggesting they might be mitochondria. These findings are discussed in the light of findings of other workers on other basidiomycetes. iv). The cytology of the basidia has been studied, using the squash technique after staining with Aceto-orcein or Feulgen and Fast Green. The anatomy of the fructifications is described; the findings were in the main (a) there are two types of elements in the hymenium, which agrees with Kuhner's findings; (b) the cells of the fructification are binuoleate, this condition being maintained by the production of clamps at the time of somatic nuclear division; (c) the chromosomes of the nucleus appear to be arranged linearly on a strand, which divides as a unit (d) the fusion nucleus in the basidium divides meiotically, but the bivalents become joined one to the other during diakinensis, and afterwards behave as a unit; (e) division II of meiosis resembles the division in the ultimate clamp; (f) some or all of the nuclei resulting from the meiotic division may undergo an additional 'mitotic' division giving rise to from 4 to 8 nuclei within the basidium which may lead to amphithallism; (g) the species are both tetrapolar. These findings are discussed and compared with findings of other authors in other basidiomycetes, and an explanation of the 'two metaphase chromosomes' which has puzzled many workers, is offered. (V) The division of the nuclei in the vegetative hyphae is studied from fixed and stained preparations, using Feulgen and Fast Green. The division is found to be the same as that of the nuclei in the 'ultimate clamp' and the division II of meiosis: this, in brief, is: - 1) The beaded double strand of four chromosomes (doubled during replication) splits, and the nucleolus disappears. 2) The sister strands open apart from each other, remaining joined at one or both ends. 3) The ring so formed expands and undergoes a twist into a figure of eight. 4) The loops of the figure bend over on each other to form a double ring of beaded chromatin. 5) A break appears in the rings and the arras open out linearly. 6) Anaphase separation takes place, during which bridges of chromatin are seen. 7) At telophase four chromosomes are seen which form a circle before the nucleus is reorganised. A case for the justification of calling the division a mitotic division though different from classical mitosis is presented

Digging the dead in a digital media age

Archaeology commonly assumes it has the general public’s support. As a field of study archaeology enjoys a high public profile and in its many shapes - metal detecting, museums and public excavation - people can participate should they choose to. This chapter will examine public perceptions of one recently contentious area, the excavation of human remains, by analyzing internet posts responding to news stories initiated, in all but one case, by archaeologists. By examining social media posts, we will analyze both positive and negative attitudes towards archaeology and its treatment of the ancient and historical dead. In doing this we hope to contribute to developing a more reflexive understanding of social attitudes towards death, archaeology and the exclusivity of heritage studies. Our conclusion is that there is no one ‘public opinion’ of burial archaeology; rather, expressed opinions depend on the specific excavation or exhibition, how the media report it, and various contextual factors; this means that archaeologists will benefit by taking a lead in framing media coverage of how they work with the dead

From reaching every district to reaching every community: analysis and response to the challenge of equity in immunization in Cambodia

Background An international review of the Cambodian Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in 2010 and other data show that despite immunization coverage increases and vaccine preventable diseases incidence reductions, inequities in access to immunization services exist. Utilizing immunization and health systems literature, analysis of global health databases and the EPI review findings, this paper examines the characteristics of immunization access and outcome inequities, and describes proposed longer-term strategic and operational responses to these problems. Findings The national programme has evolved from earlier central and provincial level planning to strengthening routine immunization coverage through the District level ‘Reaching Every District Strategy'. However, despite remarkable improvements, the review found over 20% of children surveyed were not fully immunized, primarily from communities where inequities of both access and impact persist. These inequities relate mainly to socio-economic exposures including wealth and education level, population mobility and ethnicity. To address these problems, a shift in strategic and operational response is proposed that will include (a) a re-focus of planning on facility level to detect disadvantaged communities, (b) establishment of monitoring systems to provide detailed information on community access and utilization, (c) development of communication strategies and health networks that enable providers to adjust service delivery according to the needs of vulnerable populations, and (d) securing financial, management and political commitment for ‘reaching every community'. Conclusions For Cambodia to achieve its immunization equity objectives and disease reduction goals, a shift of emphasis to health centre and community is needed. This approach will maximize the benefits of new vaccine introduction in the coming ‘Decade of Vaccines', plus potentially extend the reach of other life-saving maternal and child health interventions to the socially disadvantaged, both in Cambodia and in other countries with a similar level of developmen

Goal-based measurement in paediatric settings: implications for practice

There is an observed link between physical illness and mental health difficulties and an increased likelihood of mental health difficulties in young people with chronic health conditions. The main outcome focus in paediatric settings is on physical health outcomes and functioning. In terms of functioning, the focus is on quality of life, measures of emotional well-being and perceptions of personal change, which are likely to be multifaceted and vary between patients. To complement standardised and diagnostically based measures, goal-based outcome measurement may be considered. The aim of this paper is to build on previous research, to provide a reflective commentary based on the authors’ clinical and research experience in the use and interpretation of goal-based outcomes, to address what using goal-based measures for outcome purposes in these settings means practically. Examples are provided to demonstrate the importance of considering meaningful outcomes of importance to young people and how professionals may presume that physical ‘recovery’ is the goal of treatment, but what recovery means to that young person may be very nuanced. Further key considerations and suggested phrasing are given to introduce and work with young people’s goals

A spontaneous binge-like eating model in mice using unpredictable once weekly access to palatable diets

The authors are grateful for funding from the Scottish Government Strategic Research Programme, and from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement 245009 (NeuroFAST).Peer reviewedPostprin