Molecular alignment from circular dichroic photoelectron angular distributions in (n+1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization

The theory for determination of molecular alignment from circular dichroism in photoelectron angular distributions is generalized to treat the case in which the excitation polarization direction and the laboratory z axis do not coincide. A new method of data analysis is presented here. Alignment created by surface scattering or photofragmentation should be obtainable by these procedures. For studies of orientation with elliptically polarized excitation, differential cross sections at a given collection angle are found to be, to a good approximation, independent of excited-state alignment. Orientation can thus be obtained from differential cross sections by the methods developed by Kummel, Sitz, and Zare [J. Chem. Phys. 88, 6707 (1988)]

Extraction of alignment parameters from circular dichroic photoelectron angular distribution (CDAD) measurements

In a previous paper, we showed that circular dichroism in photoelectron angular distributions (CDAD) can be used to probe alignment in gas phase atoms and linear molecules. Often this alignment is parametrized through the moments of alignment A(2), A(4), etc., which are commonly extracted from fluorescence polarization measurements. In this paper we show how these can be simply extracted from CDAD spectra. This technique can be used in principle to extract the moments to any order

(1+ 1) CDAD: A new technique for studying photofragment alignment

We report a new technique for measuring photofragment alignment in the gas phase by observing circular dichroism in photoelectron angular distributions (CDAD). This technique is well suited for determining the gas phase alignment of linear molecules. The experiment involves excitation of the photofragment with linearly polarized light followed by photoionization with left or right circularly polarized light. The difference between the photoelectron angular distributions for these two cases is the CDAD spectrum. By measuring CDAD through two different excitation branches, one can obtain the ground state photofragment alignment A(2)0 using a simple analytical formula independent of the photoionization dynamics

Instructive or Constructive Teaching Approaches in the Economic Education?

Even if the polarizing discussion about instructive and constructive teaching approaches is widely overcome, some misapprehensions still seem to distort the discourse. Thereby thesis, like the future of teaching would only lie in self-directed, process-oriented, casuistic and interdisciplinary learning (predominantly constructivist paradigms) and instructed, product-oriented, systematic and discipline-oriented instructive teaching and learning would be replaced, emerge. This absoluteness is challenged in this article. Possibly the trend towards "moderate constructivism" alludes to which one of both approaches will succeed in future. Though hands-on and self-directed learning in complex problem situations plays a central role in constructivist theories, because it opens ranges of options and contributes to a holistic understanding of coherences, this type of learning still requires a certain amount of instructed knowledge. Self-directed learning therefore excludes a completely independent process of content and goal setting by learners in order that education does not get lost in arbitrariness. Here, instruction is not understood as decided tutorial for teaching and learning, but teacher-conducted stimuli that are supposed to assist the formation of significant knowledge and the process of gaining competencies

Using Simulation in First Year Nursing Student Curriculum to Improve Dosage Calculations

Patient safety is of the upmost importance specifically when related to medication administration. Nurses are responsible for safe medication administration as a primary responsibility. Nursing education programs, especially associate degree nursing programs, use high-fidelity simulation to enhance medication administration and dosage calculation. First year nursing students are expected to pass a dosage calculation exam with accuracy to assess safe medication practices. The purpose of this quasi-experimental ex post facto design study was to examine the causal relationship between the medication administration simulation and the dosage calculation test scores in first year, associate degree nursing students. First year nursing students who participated in the high-fidelity medication administration had statistically significant differences in their dosage calculation test scores and the odds of passing the dosage calculation test on the first attempt than the students who did not participate. Age and gender demographic information of the students who participated in the high-fidelity simulation did not show any statistically significant information based on their participation. The study aims to examine which education intervention is effective in improving dosage calculation test scores in first year nursing students. Implementation of high-fidelity simulation experiences can improve dosage calculation exams scores and contribute to a safer nursing workforce

Experimental proof of the reciprocal relation between spin Peltier and spin Seebeck effects in a bulk YIG/Pt bilayer

We verify for the first time the reciprocal relation between the spin Peltier and spin Seebeck effects in a bulk YIG/Pt bilayer. Both experiments are performed on the same YIG/Pt device by a setup able to accurately determine heat currents and to separate the spin Peltier heat from the Joule heat background. The sample-specific value for the characteristics of both effects measured on the present YIG/Pt bilayer is (6.2 \pm 0.4)\times 10^{-3} \,\, \mbox{KA^{-1}}. In the paper we also discuss the relation of both effects with the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of YIG and Pt and we envisage possible strategies to optimize spin Peltier refrigeration.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure

Optimization of Multi-Frequency Magnonic Waveguides with Enhanced Group Velocities by Exchange Coupled Ferrimagnet/Ferromagnet Bilayers

We report broadband spectroscopy and numerical analysis by which we explore propagating spin waves in a magnetic bilayer consisting of a 23 nm thick permalloy film deposited on 130 nm thick $Y_{3}Fe_{5}O_{12}$. In the bilayer, we observe a characteristic mode that exhibits a considerably larger group velocity at small in-plane magnetic field than both the magnetostatic and perpendicular standing spin waves. Using the finite element method, we confirm the observations by simulating the mode profiles and dispersion relations. They illustrate the hybridization of spin wave modes due to exchange coupling at the interface. The high-speed propagating mode found in the bilayer can be utilized to configure multi-frequency spin wave channels enhancing the performance of spin wave based logic devices