Resonance Structure and Polarizability of the nucleon

The main features of the resonance structure of the nucleon are discussed, particular with regard to the helicity dependence of real and virtual photoabsorption. The dependence of the partial cross sections on both the resonance helicity amplitudes and the electromagnetic multipoles is outlined. The general structure of the Compton tensor is reviewed and applied to the special cases of real to real, virtual to real, and virtual to virtual Compton scattering. Recent theoretical developments in dispersion relations are presented, together with a short overview regarding static, dynamical, and generalized polarizabilities of the nucleon as well as the status of the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule and related integrals.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, Talk given at the symposium on the "Gerasimov-Drell- Hearn Sum Rule and the Nucleon Spin Structure in the Resonance Region" GDH 2002, Genua (Italy), 3.-6. July 200

Evolution Physics

This work is a revised edition of the former article "Evolution and Mutation Physics” by the same author. Some unclear formulations have been eliminated. New ideas and new calculations have been included, especially the important connection between successive entropy - changes and increasing DNA –length at slowly decreasing temperature-decrease of surroundings

The evolution seen from the angle of quantum physics

In previous publications [1,7] the author described the base rivalry in monotonous DNA sequences and their effect on the DNA repair mechanism. According to this theory, many base building blocks compete for the occupancy of the newly released base site in the replication of monotonous DNA sequences in the elongation phase. This gives them more and more kinetic energy from replication position k to next position. Thus, there is a probability that a tautomeric base pair is formed behind the end of the monotonic sequence because of the tunneling effect. After its replication a different, irreparable base pair develops from the tautomeric base pair, when the rivalry - energy leads to a very strong hydrogen bond. This happens, however, by chance. In the following, we will describe the 3 phenomena: The tunnel probability (section 2), the probability for coming up of a high – energy – base building block (Elitist, section 3),and the combination of both phenomena (section 4). The result of these calculations is the equation (28). It is remarkable that follows from these calculations that the length of the monotonous sequences, and also the length of DNA increases itself in the course of evolution (section 5). (Read up all detailed computations in [7].) [... from introduction

Die Physik irreparabler Mutationen

Bei einem als „Basenkonkurrenz“ bezeichneten Vorgang werden bei der Replikation irreparable Verlängerungen monotoner Sequenzen provoziert, die von der Zelltemperatur, der Zell - Viskosität und der monotonen Sequenzlänge abhängen. Dadurch können die im Laufe langer Evolutionsepochen entstehenden sehr langen monotonen Sequenzen und die Entstehung sehr langer DNAs erklärt werden. Vermutlich werden durch Basenkonkurrenz (bei Tautomerität oder zu kleiner Zell – Viskosität) auch die Entstehung von Tumoren und das Auftreten gefährlicher Virenmutationen provoziert

Evolution Physics

In a process called 'base rivalry', irreparable mutations are provoked in the replication of monotonous sequences, which depend on the cell temperature, the cell viscosity and monotonous sequence length. This explains the very long monotonous sequences and very long DNAs that occur over long evolutionary epochs. Presumably, base rivalry (with tautomerism or too low cell viscosity) also provokes the formation of tumors and the emergence of dangerous viral mutations

Evolution Physics

In a previous publication [1] the author described the base rivalry in monotonous DNA sequences and their effect on the DNA repair mechanism. As described in the article, during the monotonous sequence replication, energies appear theoretically to increase with a progressive replication fork up to the quantum mechanical energy level n=2 because of the base rivalry, and these rivalry energies affect the bond strength between the complementary bases. If there is a tautomeric base pair in the replication position where the rivalry energy is large enough, then in this position an irreparable mutation will occur, since the DNA repair mechanism cannot repair that error because too much binding energy. Thus a mutation (caused by base rivalry) can occur only on condition that a transition of a base pair into its tautomeric form is happened. It is remarkable that this transition likewise can occur by the effect of base rivalry energy. The base rivalry - energy which has an effect on a normal base pair provokes a tunnel process in its hydrogen bond, and produces the tautomeric form. After whose replication a different, irreparable base pair develops from the tautomeric base pair, when the rivalry - energy leads into a very strong hydrogen bond. This happens, however, by chance and in the following we will compute the probabilities of such accidental events. The result of these calculations is the equation (32) which could be useful for the theory of evolution and besides for clearing up of virus mutations. It is remarkable that follows from these calculations that the length of DNA increases itself in the course of evolution (section 7)

Die Physik irreparabler Mutationen

During the cell division dynamic processes take place, the origin of which are to find in the physical characteristics of cell components. The most important characteristics are the electrical charge and the energy of the moving base components in a viscous cytoplasm. During the emergence of the new hydrogen bonds takes place a competition of the complementary base components which are electrostatically attracted by the codogen matrix. Thus, the base components will be accelerated more and more in the course of replication, and the resulting binding energies become always larger in a monotonous sequence. We call this process “base rivalry”. It is shown that the strength of these new bindings depends on three factors: First it is dependent on the length of a monotonous sequence, second it is dependent on the viscosity of the cytoplasm, and third it is dependent on the replication speed. In the study in detail is stated, how it affects the effectiveness of the DNA repair mechanism, mutation susceptibility, and thus also affects the cancer susceptibility. This is a condition where the DNA repair mechanism fails: Because of the base rivalry, in a monotonous base sequence there is (for a short time) a high binding energy between the complementary bases from a critical sequence length upwards, and the effectiveness of the repair mechanism is strongly decreased. If a tautomeric base pair is behind the end of monotonous sequence, then an extension of the monotonous sequence is provoked so that, for example, the monotonous sequence CCCT irreparably changes itself into CCCC (see section 2.2). The author describes in detail how the base rivalry affects on the evolution and on the mutation of viruses. The probability for the emergence of an irreparable mutation (caused by base rivalry) will be calculated. The result is (for a large number of individuals) a mathematical connection between temperature and the length of monotonous DNA - sequences which are lengthened by base rivalry. In the study, there are preferentially used physical and statistical computations and therefore is to understand as theoretical work. For the examination of this theory, two different computations are necessary: 1. Statistical computation: It is safe to assume that an individual base component exists (for example, dGTP) having a very large fading time in the case of excitation (preferable, owing to rotation energy after it became lumpy). Such a base component is very rarely, so that it appears within a DNA-fragment either not or once at most. This is called the “elitist”. If it appears within the fragment, we can compute the probability for its appearance in a certain position during replication, namely in a monotonous sequence of this fragment. The calculation of the probability must be statistically, because the replication is a distribution on the codogen matrix. 2. Physical computation: If the elitist (accidentially) arrives at a monotonous sequence of the DNA-fragment, it will reach the end of this monotonous sequence because of its high base rivalry energy, and now we can the tunnel probability calculate for the conversion into the tautomeric form which leads to a mutated hydrogen Bond at the end of monotonous sequence. This mutated hydrogen bond is irreparabel, if the fading time of the excited elitist higher is than the repair time of the DNA repair mechanism. Both probabilities have to be connected for the computation of the total probability of the irreparable mutation. The result of this connection is an interesting equation between temperature and monotonous sequence length which is irreparably lengthened, and this gives rise to the speculation that this theory as well as the resulting equation may have a certain importance for the theory of evolution, and may have an importance for the dangerous virus mutations. If several base rivalries take place in a monotonous sequence of a DNA fragment over time and with decreasing cell temperature, an extension of the fragment and thus a DNA extension is provoked at each base rivalry (section 8.1). In the appendix [28] are supplementary remarks in order to understand the sections better. There is, too, a remark concerning the coherence between tumor development and cell - viscosity

Evolution and Mutation Physics

Base rivalry arises at replication of monotonous DNA – sequences. Irreparable mutations can arise by tunnel processes if the developed energy is high enough. The tunnel probability depends not only on the base rivalry energy but also depends on the temperature of surroundings. The tunnel probability diminishes with decreasing temperature. The cytoplasm viscosity increases in the long term with decreasing temperature. The length of the monotonous sequence in which happens an irreparable mutation (caused by base rivalry) then will be larger than at higher temperatures. This means that the possible distribution variety of all base components on the given matrix will diminish; therefore the probability increases that one base component which possesses the necessary energy, comes into the certain monotonous sequence to provoke a tunnel process. These different temperature dependences are the subject of the following examinations; they lead to the equation (32) which is valid for coming off of an irreparable mutation which is caused by base rivalry. Because of the dependence between temperature change and mutating sequence length from s1 to s1+1 (expressed in this equation), there result informations about evolution, and informations about mutation of DNA – viruses. The calculations are performed with very small DNA fragments so called residual fragments.:1.Introduction 2.The problems 3.Tunnel processes in biological hydrogen bonds 3.1.The tunnel probability 3.2.The change in the tunnel probability due to temperature- and energy-change 4.The distribution of bases on the DNA during replication, and the occurrence of high base rivalry energy 4.1.Enumeration of all possible distributions 4.2.Enumeration of all favourable distributions, and the chance of occurrence of high base rivalry energy 5.The total probability of mutation which is caused by base rivalry 6.Interpretation of the equation (32) 7.Evolution physics 8.Mutation physics 9.Summary 10.Reference

Die Kalkulation irreparabler Mutationen

This work is a revision of the article "Die Kalkulation kalkulierbarer Mutationen” by the same author. In some chapters errors have been corrected in the mathematical representation. Chapters 6 and 7 have been re-edited. In this work, corrected excerpts from "Tumour Physics" and from "Evolution and mutation Physics" are used. To the agencies concerned should be noted

Collective correlations in C12

The strong coupling of the giant resonance to the surface vibrations in C12 results in the splitting of the single one-particle, one-hole, 1- collective state into several components, thus improving the agreement between theory and experiment to a very large extent