Bεnga sebr Burkina Faso yĭnga

Playwright: Tennessee Williams Director: Hal J. Todd Setting: James R. Earle Jr. Costumes: Janet Hanreddy Lighting: Gerald Grantham Academic Year: 1970-1971https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/productions_1970s/1009/thumbnail.jp

Characteristics of farmers’ selection criteria for cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) varieties differ between north and south regions of Burkina Faso

Open Access Article; Published online: 18 July 2019omparative analysis of preferences and key criteria for selecting cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) varieties was conducted using the data collected from farmers’ participatory varietal selection (FPVS) activities conducted over 3 years with a total of 2401 farmers (1230 male and 1171 female) in 13 villages in Tougouri department in northern region and Tiéfora department in southern region of Burkina Faso in West Africa. Over the 3 years, farmer criteria for variety selection remained basically stable, but some variations among the regions and years were noticed. Grain yield was the most common and the most important criterion for farmers’ choice in both regions. Farmers in Tougouri (north) put more emphasis on early maturity (90%) and drought resistance (19.7%) as selection criteria than farmers in Tiéfora (south). Farmers in Tiéfora placed statistically significant importance on seed colour and plant type, while farmers in Tougouri did not, and for these selection criteria, there were only slight differences between genders in both areas. Results of stepwise multiple regression indicated that maturity and seed colour in the north, and seed size and seed colour in the south were the most important selection factors for farmers to select cowpea varieties. Improved varieties should have sufficiently good yield to be accepted, but other favoured traits may differ by target region as a reflection of local and regional market demands as well as deep-rooted cultural preferences. Understanding local and regional differences in selection criteria for cowpea varieties is necessary to improve the acceptance of newly released improved varieties. Preferences identified in the participatory activities could inform further development of cowpea breeding strategies for north and south regions of Burkina Faso

Genetic architecture of delayed senescence, biomass, and grain yield under drought stress in cowpea

CowpeaThe stay-green phenomenon is a key plant trait with wide usage in managing crop production under limited water conditions. This trait enhances delayed senescence, biomass, and grain yield under drought stress. In this study we sought to identify QTLs in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) consistent across experiments conducted in Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Senegal, and the United States of America under limited water conditions. A panel of 383 diverse cowpea accessions and a recombinant inbred line population (RIL) were SNP genotyped using an Illumina 1536 GoldenGate assay. Phenotypic data from thirteen experiments conducted across the four countries were used to identify SNP-trait associations based on linkage disequilibrium association mapping, with bi-parental QTL mapping as a complementary strategy. We identified seven loci, five of which exhibited evidence suggesting pleiotropic effects (stay-green) between delayed senescence, biomass, and grain yield. Further, we provide evidence suggesting the existence of positive pleiotropy in cowpea based on positively correlated mean phenotypic values (0.34, r ,0.87) and allele effects (0.07, r ,0.86) for delayed senescence and grain yield across three African environments. Three of the five putative stay-green QTLs, Dro-1, 3, and 7 were identified in both RILs and diverse germplasm with resolutions of 3.2 cM or less for each of the three loci, suggesting that these may be valuable targets for marker-assisted breeding in cowpea. Also, the co-location of early vegetative delayed senescence with biomass and grain yield QTLs suggests the possibility of using delayed senescence at the seedling stage as a rapid screening tool for post-flowering drought tolerance in cowpea breeding. BLAST analysis using EST sequences harboring SNPs with the highest associations provided a genomic context for loci identified in this study in closely related common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max) reference genomes

Inheritance of seed size in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

The inheritance of seed weight in cowpea was examined in a field planting of the parents, reciprocal F,s, F2 s and backcrosses to both parents of a cross between TVu 1977-OD (small seeded) and ACC 70002 (large) . Seed weight was inherited quantitatively and small seed was partially domiminant to large seed size . Gene action was predominantly additive but dominance and additive x additive epistatic effects were also significant. Broad and narrow sense heritabilities were 85 .1 ± 5 .3% and 75 .4 ± 18 .6% respectively . The minimum number of loci involved in the inheritance of seed size was eight, and each gene pair contributed up to 1 .02 g increase to seed weight . The estimate of genetic advance from F 2 to F 3 generations with 5% selection intensity was 3 .58 g

Performance of dual-purpose pearl millet genotypes in West Africa: Importance of morphology and phenology

Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is a cereal crop vital for food security in West and Central Africa. Its byproducts also serve as fodder for livestock, especially during dry seasons. The objective of this study was to evaluate selected genotypes from West African pearl millet breeding programmes, for dual-purpose (grain and fodder) and elucidate prospects for future breeding. A total of 83 open-pollinated varieties (OPVs), five composites, six landraces, one synthetic and five hybrids were evaluated at 14 environments in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Senegal during the rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016. Combined analysis of data revealed significant differences among genotypes and prevalence of high genotype-by-environment interaction effects. Two stability analyses models consistently indicated that genotypes 10 (SMILBF10), 14 (SMILBF14) and 39 (SMILML5) were widely adaptable across the region. Plant height, panicle length and panicle yield showed significant positive correlations with grain yield; while days to flowering was negatively correlated. Positive correlation between grain and fodder yields indicate possibility for simultaneous improvement involving the two important traits. This result suggests that germplasm exchange and regionally integrated breeding programmes are important for the identification of widely adapted dual-purpose varieties of pearl millet, particularly in West African drylands.Le mil\ua0\ue0\ua0chandelle ( Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) Est une c\ue9r\ue9ale vitale pour la s\ue9curit\ue9 alimentaire en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest et centrale. Ses sous-produits servent \ue9galement de fourrage pour le b\ue9tail, en particulier pendant les saisons s\ue8ches. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait d\u2019\ue9valuer des g\ue9notypes s\ue9lectionn\ue9s \ue0 partir des programmes de s\ue9lection du mil\ua0\ue0\ua0chandelle d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, pour l\u2018 usage double (c\ue9r\ue9ales et fourrage) et d\u2019\ue9lucider les perspectives de s\ue9lection dans le future. Les 83 vari\ue9t\ue9s \ue0 pollinisation libre (OPV), cinq composites, six vari\ue9t\ue9s locales, une synth\ue9tique et cinq hybrides ont \ue9t\ue9 \ue9valu\ue9s dans les 14 environnements au Burkina Faso, au Mali, au Niger et au S\ue9n\ue9gal pendant les saisons des pluies de 2015 et 2016. L\u2018 analyse combin\ue9e des donn\ue9es ont r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9 des diff\ue9rences significatives entre les g\ue9notypes et la pr\ue9valence des effets \ue9lev\ue9s d\u2019interaction g\ue9notype-par-environnement. Deux mod\ue8les d\u2019analyses de stabilit\ue9 ont syst\ue9matiquement indiqu\ue9 que les g\ue9notypes 10 (SMILBF10), 14 (SMILBF14) et 39 (SMILML5) \ue9taient largement adaptables dans toute la r\ue9gion. La hauteur de la plante, la longueur de la panicule et le rendement de la panicule ont montr\ue9 des corr\ue9lations positives significatives avec le rendement en grains; tandis que les jours avant la floraison \ue9taient corr\ue9l\ue9s n\ue9gativement. Une corr\ue9lation positive entre les rendements en c\ue9r\ue9ales et en fourrage indique la possibilit\ue9 d\u2019une am\ue9lioration simultan\ue9e impliquant les deux caract\ue8res importants. Ce r\ue9sultat sugg\ue8re que l\u2019\ue9change de mat\ue9riel g\ue9n\ue9tique et les programmes de s\ue9lection int\ue9gr\ue9s au niveau r\ue9gional sont importants pour l\u2019identification de vari\ue9t\ue9s \ue0 l\u2018 usage double largement adapt\ue9es de mil \ue0 chandelle, en particulier dans les zones arides d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest

First Detection of Leishmania infantum in Domestic Dogs from Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Background and Objective: Human Visceral Leishmaniasis (HVL) is a systemic neglected tropical diseases and potentially lethal disease caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. In the causal, agent of HVL is L. infantum and dogs are a major reservoir host. Visceral leishmaniasis is rarely found in West Africa and no cases have been reported to date in Burkina Faso. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the presence of L. infantum in population of domestic dogs in Bobo-Dioulasso city in Burkina Faso. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in five districts of the city Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. An active survey was conducted in households with dogs in five districts of the city for canine leishmaniasis screening. Epidemiological data and clinical signs were collected for each dog. Venous blood collection and skin lesions biopsies were performed in dogs after informed consent of the owners. The plasma was used for the immunological diagnosis (DiaMed-IT LEISH) and positive samples were confirmed by nested PCR. Results: A total of 85 dogs were included in the study. For the first time, the occurrence of L. infantum in Burkina Faso was confirmed in five domestic dogs presenting symptomatic signs by immunochromatographic tests. Biopsy samples were positive for L. infantum in PCR analysis. Conclusion: The findings indicated that L. infantum is circulating within canine populations in Bobo-Dioulasso. Infected dogs would be the reservoir hosts of this visceralising species. Several priorities for public and veterinary health research have been highlighted by this study

Identification of High-Yielding Iron-Biofortified Open-Pollinated Varieties of Pearl Millet in West Africa

Pearl millet is a predominant food and fodder crop in West Africa. This study was carried out to test the newly developed open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) for field performance and stability for grain yield, grain iron (Fe), and grain zinc (Zn) contents across 10 locations in West Africa (i.e., Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal, and Ghana). The test material consisted of 30 OPVs, of which 8 are Fe/Zn biofortified. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in three replications. ANOVA revealed highly significant variability for grain yield and micronutrient traits. The presence of genotype x environment (G x E) indicated that the expressions of traits are significantly influenced by both genetic and G x E factors, for grain Fe and Zn contents. Days to 50% flowering and plant height showed less G x E, suggesting these traits are largely under genetic control. The genotypes CHAKTI (46 days), ICTP 8203 (46 days), ICMV 177002 (50 days), ICMV 177003 (48 days), and Moro (53 days) had exhibited early flowering across locations leading to early physiological maturity. CHAKTI (1.42 t/ha yield; 62.24 mg/kg of grain Fe, 47.29 mg/kg of grain Zn) and ICMP 177002 (1.19 t/ha yield, 62.62 mg/kg of grain Fe, 46.62 mg/kg of grain Zn) have performed well for grain yield and also for micronutrients, across locations, compared with the check. Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) ANOVA revealed the highly significant genotypic differences, the mean sum of squares of environment, and its interaction with the genotypes. Based on the AMMI stability value (ASV), the most stable genotype is SOSAT-C88 (ASV = 0.04) for grain yield and resistance to downy mildew; mean grain yield and stability rankings (YSI) revealed that the genotypes CHAKTI, SOSAT-C88, and ICMV IS 99001 were high yielding and expressed stability across regions. The strong correlation (r = 0.98**) of grain Fe and Zn contents that merits Fe-based selection is highly rewarding. CHAKTI outperformed over other genotypes for grain yield (71% higher), especially with early maturing varieties in West Africa, such as GB 8735, LCIC 9702, and Jirani, and for grain Fe (16.11% higher) and Zn (7% higher) contents across locations, and made a candidate of high-iron variety to be promoted for combating the micronutrient malnutrition in West and Central Africa (WCA)