Evaluation of learning memory activity of Unmad Gaja Kesari Rasa II in Animal Models

In recent era there is competition in each and every field, so there is lot of mental stress or mental disorder seen. In modern medicine there are various drugs such as antipsychotic, antiepileptic, mood stabilizer etc. which have certain adverse effect such as drowsiness, dizziness, memory loss etc. But Ayurveda certainly has an answer, there are total 112 formulations mentioned in classical text for physco neurological disorder i.e., Unmad and Apasmar, out of these there are total 25 herbo-mineral formulations and Unmad Gaja Kesari Rasa II (UGK II) is one of them. Present study was done to evaluate Learning memory effect of Unmad Gaja Kesari Rasa II a herbo-mineral compound. Cook’s & widely model was used to evaluate learning memory activity. Total 30 wistar rats were classified into 5 groups each containing 6 rats. Human dose was extrapolated with extrapolating factor 0.018 and drug dose was given to control I and II, standard, test x and 2x group, after that learning and Relearning trails were given and avoidance, escape and no response was observed. It has been established that UGK II (Rasa Kamdhenu i.e.; R.K Unmad Chikitsa/9-12) has effective role in learning and memory activity

Evaluation of Anti-epileptic activity of Unmad Gaja Kesari Rasa II in Animal Models

Apasmara can be correlated with epilepsy, In Ayurveda, Unmada Gaja Kesari Ras II is advocated in the treatment of Apasmara. Present study was done to evaluate Antiepileptic activity of UGK II a herbo-mineral drug. In Electro shock model total 24 albino mice were classified into 4 groups each group containing 6 mice. Human dose was extrapolated with extrapolating factor 0.0026 & drug dose was given to control, standard, test x and 2x group. The duration of tonic hind limb extension (THLE) and mortality was observed for duration of 15min. The complete inhibition of THLE was considered as positive criteria. In PTZ induce convulsion model total 24 albino mice were classified into 4 groups each group containing 6 mice. Human dose was extrapolated with extrapolating factor 0.0026 and drug dose was given to control, standard, test x and 2x group. The time required for clonic convulsion, incidence and mortality was observed for duration of 30 mins. UGK II at 2 drug dose level proves equally effective to standard drug Phenytoin to abolish THLE. UGK II at 2 drug dose level is effective when compare to control group and Sodium valproate prove effective to reduce onset of time of convulsion when compare to test drug

PSA as a Marker in Breast Cancer: A Clinico-Biochemical Analysis

Abstract: Breast Cancer is one of the earliest detected neoplasm's in human beings. Present study comprises all those patients of cancer breast of all stages who attended the outdoor department and admitted in indoor ward

Mycobacterium tuberculosis WhiB3 Maintains Redox Homeostasis by Regulating Virulence Lipid Anabolism to Modulate Macrophage Response

The metabolic events associated with maintaining redox homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) during infection are poorly understood. Here, we discovered a novel redox switching mechanism by which Mtb WhiB3 under defined oxidizing and reducing conditions differentially modulates the assimilation of propionate into the complex virulence polyketides polyacyltrehaloses (PAT), sulfolipids (SL-1), phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIM), and the storage lipid triacylglycerol (TAG) that is under control of the DosR/S/T dormancy system. We developed an in vivo radio-labeling technique and demonstrated for the first time the lipid profile changes of Mtb residing in macrophages, and identified WhiB3 as a physiological regulator of virulence lipid anabolism. Importantly, MtbΔwhiB3 shows enhanced growth on medium containing toxic levels of propionate, thereby implicating WhiB3 in detoxifying excess propionate. Strikingly, the accumulation of reducing equivalents in MtbΔwhiB3 isolated from macrophages suggests that WhiB3 maintains intracellular redox homeostasis upon infection, and that intrabacterial lipid anabolism functions as a reductant sink. MtbΔwhiB3 infected macrophages produce higher levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, indicating that WhiB3-mediated regulation of lipids is required for controlling the innate immune response. Lastly, WhiB3 binds to pks2 and pks3 promoter DNA independent of the presence or redox state of its [4Fe-4S] cluster. Interestingly, reduction of the apo-WhiB3 Cys thiols abolished DNA binding, whereas oxidation stimulated DNA binding. These results confirmed that WhiB3 DNA binding is reversibly regulated by a thiol-disulfide redox switch. These results introduce a new paradigmatic mechanism that describes how WhiB3 facilitates metabolic switching to fatty acids by regulating Mtb lipid anabolism in response to oxido-reductive stress associated with infection, for maintaining redox balance. The link between the WhiB3 virulence pathway and DosR/S/T signaling pathway conceptually advances our understanding of the metabolic adaptation and redox-based signaling events exploited by Mtb to maintain long-term persistence

Iron Behaving Badly: Inappropriate Iron Chelation as a Major Contributor to the Aetiology of Vascular and Other Progressive Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular "reactive oxygen species" (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation). The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible. This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, etc...Comment: 159 pages, including 9 Figs and 2184 reference

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection