Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) Collected in Grand Traverse and Adjacent Counties, Michigan

Thirty-two (32) species of hawkmoths (Sphingidae) are reported from Grand Traverse and adjacent counties, Michigan, based on collecting carried out in 1979-1997 and an inventory of museum records

Northerly-Outlying Records of Two Species of Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in Michigan

(Excerpt) The Grand Traverse Region of Lower Michigan is of special interest zoo- geographically in that it includes the northernmost known localities for various species of organisms characteristic of the Carolinian Biotic Province (Douglass 1977, 1983; McCann 1979)

Balancing Hearsay and Criminal Discovery

and prosecutors. Part I of this Article argues that the conventional theory of hearsaydiscovery balance does not reflect the reality of modem federal practice. An imbalance has arisen because, in the last quarter century, developments in the law of evidence and confrontation are at odds with developments-or one might say nondevelopments-in the law of criminal discovery. Since enactment of the Federal Rules of Evidence in 1975, both the law of evidence and modem Confrontation Clause doctrine have evolved toward broader admission of hearsay in criminal cases. Contrary to conventional theory, that evolution has at least matched-and probably has outpaced-the trend toward more liberal admission of hearsay in civil cases. But while federal courts criminal cases, the rules of criminal discovery show no sign of adapting to that reality. As a result, in comparison to other litigants, federal criminal defendants now face a litigation environment that features both minimum discovery and maximum admissible hearsay. Part II offers some proposals to address that imbalance by expanding a defendant\u27s right to learn in advance what hearsay he must face, and his right to gather ammunition to contest that hearsay. Where appropriate, I have included proposals that would require the amendment of existing rules. But recognizing the practical difficulties facing any rule-making initiative, my principal focus is to suggest more effective means of applying Rule 16, the Jencks Act, and the Brady doctrine-the major discovery tools presently available to criminal defendants-to the task of contesting prosecution hearsay. This Article is not a critique of developments in the law of evidence, nor of the Court\u27s application of the Confrontation Clause to hearsay. It is not an argument that more, or less, hearsay should be admitted in criminal cases. Instead, it takes as a starting point the undeniable reality that, for good or ill, today\u27s federal criminal trials include a wider variety of admissible hearsay than ever before. My aim is to show how the process of criminal discovery can and should adapt to that reality to correct the hearsay-discovery balance when the government relies on hearsay

HURDLE COUNT-DATA MODELS IN RECREATION DEMAND ANALYSIS

When a sample of recreators is drawn from the general population using a survey, many in the sample will not recreate at a recreation site of interest. This study focuses on nonparticipation in recreation demand modeling and the use of modified count-data models. We clarify the meaning of the single-hurdle Poisson (SHP) model and derive the double-hurdle Poisson (DHP) model. The latter is contrasted with the SHP and we show the DHP is consistent with Johnson and Kotz's zero-modified Poisson model.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,