Safety Assessment of Menthamozaffarianii Essential Oil: Acute and Repeated Toxicity Studies

Background:Menthamozaffarianii, an endemic species from the Labiataefamily, is used in Iranian traditional medicine. This study evaluated the acute and repeated oral toxicity of the Menthamozaffarianii essential oil (MMEO) in rats and mice. Methods:To assess the toxicity profile of the MMEO, we administered the essential oil to 48 rats and mice of both sexes by gavage in acute and repeated models. In acute toxicity, the animals were administered the MMEO (2000 mg/kg) and were monitored for 14 days. In the repeated toxicity, the MMEO was administered (100 mg/kg) daily for 4 weeks. On the 28th day, all the animals were scarified and blood and tissue samples were prepared. All the clinical, biochemical, and histopathological changes were assessed and compared with those in the controls. Statistical significance was determined by one- and two-way analyses of variance, followed by the Tukey test using GraphPad Prism 6. Results: In the acute test, there was no mortality; therefore, the oral LD50 value determined in the mice and rats of both sexes was greater than 2000 mg/kg. In the repeated test, the animals received the MMEO and there was no mortality. In the biochemical analysis, there were significant increases in blood glucose, cholesterol, ALT, AST, ALP, and TSH in the female rats and also in BUN in the male rats. The histopathological studies revealed evidence of microscopic lesions in the liver, kidney, stomach, and small intestine tissues of the MMEO group. Conclusion: The results indicated that the acute toxicity of the MMEO in the mice and rats was of a low order and it revealed slight tissue damage to several organs when given subchronically at a dose of 100 mg/kg

Opium-Induced Bowel Dysfunction: A hospital survey in two academic centers of Iran

Background and aim: Opioids abuse is associated with several gastrointestinal side effects. We evaluated the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in OIBD in hospitalized patients in different wards of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU) hospitals. This study aimed to investigate patients' frequency symptoms treated with opioids and opium addicts and their derivatives. Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive study conducted from April 2018 to October 2018. Direct interviews with the study population were performed for data collection. Their information, symptoms, and complaints were checked. Results: Among the gastrointestinal symptoms, constipation was the most common symptom (59.3%). This pattern is followed by bloating (28.6%), heartburn (27.1%), abdominal pain (25.7%), dysphagia (22.9%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (22.1%), nausea (12.1%), and vomiting (7.9 %) and diarrhea (5 %) were the next prevalent symptoms, respectively. Conclusion: Finally, our study showed that OBID symptoms are present in most opioid users and most of these people suffer from constipation. Also, the type of substance consumed by the person, the duration of continuous use and cigarette smoking play a role in the incidence of these symptoms