Stability of insecticidal proteins over time when added to pollen provisions.

<p>Amount of insecticidal protein determined by ELISA after 14 and 28 days of incubation presented as percentage of the amount detected immediately after protein application. Minimum and maximum values of independent determinations and the sample means (in brackets) are given (n = 3–9). Abbreviations: rOC-1, recombinant oryzacystatin-1; GNA, <i>Galanthus nivalis</i> agglutinin.</p

Experimental treatments of feeding assay with <i>Osmia bicornis</i> larvae.

<p>Larval pollen provisions were collected and processed by nesting bees. Provisions containing non-transgenic pollen from the isoline were manually ‘spiked’ with insecticidal protein dissolved in water to achieve the test concentrations indicated (w∶w). aPercentage OC-1 of total soluble protein in pollen extract, determined by dot-blot immunoassay. Abbreviations: OC-1, oryzacystatin-1; rOC-1, recombinant OC-1; GNA, <i>Galanthus nivalis</i> agglutinin.</p

Bee mortality.

<p>Mortality of <i>Osmia bicornis</i> (in %) observed during development (i.e. from hatching to mature larva), in the cocoon (i.e. from start of cocoon spinning to emergence from cocoon) and over the whole observation time (n = 25–44). The 95% confidence interval is given in brackets. Abbreviations: OC-1, oryzacystatin-1; rOC-1, recombinant OC-1; GNA, <i>Galanthus nivalis</i> agglutinin.</p