Aej-OldNew.txt

Microsatellite alleles for a comparison over tim

Aej-PA.txt

Microsatellite alleles for fine resolution analysis across Pennsylvania (allele sizes

Aej-PA2.txt

Microsatellite alleles for fine resolution analysis across Pennsylvania (for Phylip

Spray plume droplet density (drops per mm2) and volume median diameter (μm; VMD) of a mosquito adulticide applied within urban Mercer County and suburban Monmouth County, New Jersey, USA.

<p>Sampling was conducted within four stations at mid (46.77 ml/ha) and maximum (93.53 ml/ha) label application rates using Florida Latham Bonds (FLB) and Hock rotary impactors and measured by digital analysis.</p

Rotating impactors used for droplet sampling of adulticidal spray plumes.

<p>A) Florida Latham Bonds (FLB) rotary-type impactor with 3 mm rods. B) Hock rotary impactor with 25 mm microscope slides.</p

Droplet sampling locations in suburban Monmouth County, New Jersey, USA.

<p>Five parcels were selected within a 156.1 ha plot (A through E) and four stations were sampled within each parcel (1 = Front, 2 = Porch, 3 = Mid Yard, 4 = Backyard). Figure was created in ArcGIS 10.2 (ESRI, Redlands, CA).</p

Combined droplet density (drops per mm²) and volume median diameter (μm; VMD) of spray plume from all sampling stations in urban Mercer at two different application rates sampled by Hock impactors and recorded by two analysis methods (digital and manual).

<p>Treatments with different letters and asterisks denote significant differences by ANOVA (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p

Droplet sampling locations in urban Mercer County, New Jersey, USA.

<p>Five parcels were selected within a 48.6 ha plot (A through E) and four stations were sampled within each parcel (1 = Front, 2 = Alcove, 3 = Porch, 4 = Backyard). Figure was created in ArcGIS 10.2 (ESRI, Redlands, CA).</p

Droplet Characterization and Penetration of an Ultra-Low Volume Mosquito Adulticide Spray Targeting the Asian Tiger Mosquito, <i>Aedes albopictus</i>, within Urban and Suburban Environments of Northeastern USA

<div><p>Adult control of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> via ultra-low volume is difficult because this species occurs primarily in peridomestic habitats where obstacles such as buildings and vegetation can disrupt spray plumes and droplet dispersion. We determined droplet penetration and characterization of a pyrethroid adulticide applied from the ground at mid (46.77 ml/ha) and maximum (93.53 ml/ha) label rates within cryptic habitats of urban and suburban environments. Droplets were collected from all habitats, with no significant differences detected between locations within the same application rate or collection method. No differences were detected in droplet densities (drops per mm²) between rates within urban environments, but more droplets were collected in urban (149.93 ± 11.07 SE) than suburban sites (114.37 ± 11.32) at the maximum label rate (<i>P</i> = 0.003). The excellent penetration of aerosols into cryptic habitats of an urban site was likely due to the shorter spray paths afforded by our network of roads and alleys. Mid label rates displayed similar droplet density values as maximum label rates in urban areas, indicating that lower rates may be used effectively to reduce costs, lessen non-target effects, and increase environmental stewardship. Advances in formulations and technology are driving changes in adulticide applications, leading to use of the minimum effective dose for maximum efficacy, precision, and accountability.</p></div

Combined mean values for droplet density (drops per mm²) and volume median diameter (μm; VMD) of spray plume from all sampling stations in urban Mercer and suburban Monmouth sampled by both impactor types (FLB and Hock).

<p>Treatments with different letters denote significant differences within county by impactor type and asterisks denote significant differences between counties by ANOVA (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p