2,502 research outputs found
Comparing derivatization reagents for quantitative LCâMS/MS analysis of a variety of vitamin D metabolites
The present study systematically compares the sensitivity and selectivity of the analysis of multiple vitamin D metabolites after chemical derivatization using different reagents for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCâMS/MS). Generally, chemical derivatization is applied to vitamin D metabolites to increase the ionization efficiency, which is particularly important for very low abundant metabolites. Derivatization can also improve the selectivity of the LC separation. A wide variety of derivatization reagents has been reported in recent years, but information on their relative performance and applicability to different vitamin D metabolites is, unfortunately, not available in the literature. To fill this gap, we investigated vitamin D3, 3ÎČ-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3ÎČ-25(OH)D3), 3α-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (3α-25(OH)D3), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3) and compared response factors and selectivity after derivatizing with several important reagents, including four dienophile reagents (4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD), 4-[2-(6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalinyl)ethyl]-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (DMEQ-TAD), Amplifex, 2-nitrosopyridine (PyrNO)) as well as two reagents targeting hydroxyl groups: isonicotinoyl chloride (INC) and 2-fluoro-1-methylpyridinium-p-toluenesulfonate (FMP-TS). In addition, a combination of dienophiles and hydroxyl group reagents was examined. For LC separations, reversed-phase C-18 and mixed-mode pentafluorophenyl HPLC columns using different compositions of the mobile phase were compared. With respect to detection sensitivity, the optimum derivatization reagent for the profiling of multiple metabolites was Amplifex. Nevertheless, FMP-TS, INC, PTAD, or PTAD combined with an acetylation reaction showed very good performance for selected metabolites. These reagent combinations provided signal enhancements on the order of 3- to 295-fold depending on the compound. Chromatographic separation of the dihydroxylated vitamin D3 species was readily achieved using any of the derivatization reactions, while for 25(OH)D3 epimers, only PyrNO, FMP, INC, and PTAD combined with acetylation enabled complete separation. In conclusion, we believe this study can serve as a useful reference for vitamin D laboratories, to help analytical and clinical scientists decide which derivatization reagent to choose for their application.Peer Reviewe
Analysis of vitamin D metabolic markers by mass spectrometry: Recent progress regarding the âgold standardâ method and integration into clinical practice
Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry is firmly established today as the gold standard technique for analysis of vitamin D, both for vitamin D status assessments as well as for measuring complex and intricate vitamin D metabolic fingerprints. While the actual mass spectrometry technology has seen only incremental performance increases in recent years, there have been major, very impactful changes in the front- and back-end of MS-based vitamin D assays; for example, the extension to new types of biological sample matrices analyzed for an increasing number of different vitamin D metabolites, novel sample preparation techniques, new powerful chemical derivatization reagents, as well the continued integration of high resolution mass spectrometers into clinical laboratories, replacing established triple-quadrupole instruments. At the same time, the sustainability of mass spectrometry operation in the vitamin D field is now firmly established through proven analytical harmonization and standardization programs. The present review summarizes the most important of these recent developments.Peer Reviewe
The resting microstate networks (RMN): cortical distributions, dynamics, and frequency specific information flow
A brain microstate is characterized by a unique, fixed spatial distribution
of electrically active neurons with time varying amplitude. It is hypothesized
that a microstate implements a functional/physiological state of the brain
during which specific neural computations are performed. Based on this
hypothesis, brain electrical activity is modeled as a time sequence of
non-overlapping microstates with variable, finite durations (Lehmann and
Skrandies 1980, 1984; Lehmann et al 1987). In this study, EEG recordings from
109 participants during eyes closed resting condition are modeled with four
microstates. In a first part, a new confirmatory statistics method is
introduced for the determination of the cortical distributions of electric
neuronal activity that generate each microstate. All microstates have common
posterior cingulate generators, while three microstates additionally include
activity in the left occipital/parietal, right occipital/parietal, and anterior
cingulate cortices. This appears to be a fragmented version of the
metabolically (PET/fMRI) computed default mode network (DMN), supporting the
notion that these four regions activate sequentially at high time resolution,
and that slow metabolic imaging corresponds to a low-pass filtered version. In
the second part of this study, the microstate amplitude time series are used as
the basis for estimating the strength, directionality, and spectral
characteristics (i.e., which oscillations are preferentially transmitted) of
the connections that are mediated by the microstate transitions. The results
show that the posterior cingulate is an important hub, sending alpha and beta
oscillatory information to all other microstate generator regions.
Interestingly, beyond alpha, beta oscillations are essential in the maintenance
of the brain during resting state.Comment: pre-print, technical report, The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind
Research (Zurich), Kansai Medical University (Osaka
EEG Microstates During Resting Represent Personality Differences
We investigated the spontaneous brain electric activity of 13 skeptics and 16 believers in paranormal phenomena; they were university students assessed with a self-report scale about paranormal beliefs. 33-channel EEG recordings during no-task resting were processed as sequences of momentary potential distribution maps. Based on the maps at peak times of Global Field Power, the sequences were parsed into segments of quasi-stable potential distribution, the âmicrostates'. The microstates were clustered into four classes of map topographies (A-D). Analysis of the microstate parameters time coverage, occurrence frequency and duration as well as the temporal sequence (syntax) of the microstate classes revealed significant differences: Believers had a higher coverage and occurrence of class B, tended to decreased coverage and occurrence of class C, and showed a predominant sequence of microstate concatenations from A to C to B to A that was reversed in skeptics (A to B to C to A). Microstates of different topographies, putative "atoms of thoughtâ, are hypothesized to represent different types of information processing.The study demonstrates that personality differences can be detected in resting EEG microstate parameters and microstate syntax. Microstate analysis yielded no conclusive evidence for the hypothesized relation between paranormal belief and schizophreni
Utilization of the Radon transform in applied seismology
The Radon transform (RT) or r-p transform is a useful tool for the inversion, the filtering and the modeling of seismic
profiles where it respectively represents a first, intermediate or last step in the signal processing . When applied to seismic
signais, the main interest of the RT lies in the physical meaning of this intégral transform which yields a plane wave
décomposition of the observed wavefield . In the resulting T-p coordinates, the seismic data are displayed in a compact form
which facilitates their analysis . In addition, r -p mapping offers important theoretical advantages in the case of horizontally
stratified media . Wide angle reflections and refracted arrivals can then be inverted together to dérive the velocity-depth
function. Reversibility of the RT enables filtering of well defined events in the T-p domain, but also allows computation of
synthetic seismograms from the thĂšoretical seismic response obtained in the T-P plane . Utilization of the RT has become
today an important, if not essential, step in the processing and inversion of good quality, large aperture, seismic data .
This paper ondines the practical aspects of the T-p transform of a seismic section as well as some methods of interpretation
which rely on inversion, filtering or modeling in the T-p domain.La transformation de Radon (TR) ou transformation T-p apparaßt particuliÚrement intéressante pour l'inversion, le filtrage
et la modĂ©lisation des profils sismiques oĂč elle reprĂ©sente respectivement une Ă©tape initiale, intermĂ©diaire ou finale dans le
traitement des signaux . L'intĂ©rĂȘt essentiel de la TR appliquĂ©e Ă la sismique rĂ©side dans la signification physique de cette
transformation intégrale qui conduit à une décomposition en ondes planes du champ d'ondes observées . La représentation
des signaux sismiques dans le nouveau systÚme de coordonnées (T-p) est à la fois plus concise et plus facile à analyser, et
présente des avantages théoriques importants dans le cas de milieux à stratification plane et horizontale . Avec cette hypothÚse,
les rĂ©flexions grand angle et les arrivĂ©es rĂ©fractĂ©es peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es conjointement dans un mĂȘme processus d'inversion
pour la détermination des vitesses de propagation des ondes dans les milieux étudiés . La réversibilité de la TR permet le
filtrage de certains Ă©vĂ©nements bien caractĂ©risĂ©s dans le domaine (T-p), mais aussi le calcul de sismogrammes synthĂ©tiques Ă
partir de la réponse sismique théorique obtenue dans le plan (T p) . L'utilisation de la TR constitue aujourd'hui une étape
importante, sinon essentielle, dans le traitement et l'inversion des profils de sismique réfraction et réflexion grand angle de
bonne qualité .
Cet article présente briÚvement les aspects pratiques de la transformation T-p d'une section sismique, ainsi que quelques
méthodes d'interprétation des profils basés sur l'inversion, le filtrage ou la modélisation dans le domaine (T p)
First Valence, Then Arousal: The Temporal Dynamics of Brain Electric Activity Evoked by Emotional Stimuli
The temporal dynamics of the neural activity that implements the dimensions valence and arousal during processing of emotional stimuli were studied in two multi-channel ERP experiments that used visually presented emotional words (experiment1) and emotional pictures (experiment2) as stimulus material. Thirty-two healthy subjects participated (mean age 26.8±6.4years, 24 women). The stimuli in both experiments were selected on the basis of verbal reports in such a way that we were able to map the temporal dynamics of one dimension while controlling for the other one. Words (pictures) were centrally presented for 450 (600) ms with interstimulus intervals of 1,550 (1,400) ms. ERP microstate analysis of the entire epochs of stimulus presentations parsed the data into sequential steps of information processing. The results revealed that in several microstates of both experiments, processing of pleasant and unpleasant valence (experiment1, microstate #3: 118-162ms, #6: 218-238ms, #7: 238-266ms, #8: 266-294ms; experiment2, microstate #5: 142-178ms, #6: 178-226ms, #7: 226-246ms, #9: 262-302ms, #10: 302-330ms) as well as of low and high arousal (experiment1, microstate #8: 266-294ms, #9: 294-346ms; experiment2, microstate #10: 302-330ms, #15: 562-600ms) involved different neural assemblies. The results revealed also that in both experiments, information about valence was extracted before information about arousal. The last microstate of valence extraction was identical with the first microstate of arousal extractio
Classes of Multichannel EEG Microstates in Light and Deep Hypnotic Conditions
The study assessed the brain electric mechanisms of light and deep hypnotic conditions in the framework of EEG temporal microstates. Multichannel EEG of healthy volunteers during initial resting, light hypnosis, deep hypnosis, and eventual recovery was analyzed into temporal EEG microstates of four classes. Microstates are defined by the spatial configuration of their potential distribution maps (âčpotential landscapes') on the head surface. Because different potential landscapes must have been generated by different active neural assemblies, it is reasonable to assume that they also incorporate different brain functions. The observed four microstate classes were very similar to the four standard microstate classes A, B, C, D [Koenig, T. etal. Neuroimage, 2002;16: 41-8] and were labeled correspondingly. We expected a progression of microstate characteristics from initial resting to light to deep hypnosis. But, all three microstate parameters (duration, occurrence/second and %time coverage) yielded values for initial resting and final recovery that were between those of the two hypnotic conditions of light and deep hypnosis. Microstates of the classes B and D showed decreased duration, occurrence/second and %time coverage in deep hypnosis compared to light hypnosis; this was contrary to microstates of classes A and C which showed increased values of all three parameters. Reviewing the available information about microstates in other conditions, the changes from resting to light hypnosis in certain respects are reminiscent of changes to meditation states, and changes to deep hypnosis of those in schizophrenic state
EEG source imaging during two Qigong meditations
Experienced Qigong meditators who regularly perform the exercises "Thinking of Nothingâ and "Qigongâ were studied with multichannel EEG source imaging during their meditations. The intracerebral localization of brain electric activity during the two meditation conditions was compared using sLORETA functional EEG tomography. Differences between conditions were assessed using t statistics (corrected for multiple testing) on the normalized and log-transformed current density values of the sLORETA images. In the EEG alpha-2 frequency, 125 voxels differed significantly; all were more active during "Qigongâ than "Thinking of Nothing,â forming a single cluster in parietal Brodmann areas 5, 7, 31, and 40, all in the right hemisphere. In the EEG beta-1 frequency, 37 voxels differed significantly; all were more active during "Thinking of Nothingâ than "Qigong,â forming a single cluster in prefrontal Brodmann areas 6, 8, and 9, all in the left hemisphere. Compared to combined initial-final no-task resting, "Qigongâ showed activation in posterior areas whereas "Thinking of Nothingâ showed activation in anterior areas. The stronger activity of posterior (right) parietal areas during "Qigongâ and anterior (left) prefrontal areas during "Thinking of Nothingâ may reflect a predominance of self-reference, attention and input-centered processing in the "Qigongâ meditation, and of control-centered processing in the "Thinking of Nothingâ meditatio
Rivastigmine effects on EEG spectra and three-dimensional LORETA functional imaging in Alzheimer's disease
Objective: The objective of the study is to investigate the electrocortical and the global cognitive effects of 3months rivastigmine medication in a group of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease patients. Materials and methods: Multichannel EEG and cognitive performances measured with the Mini Mental State Examination in a group of 16 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease were collected before and 3months after the onset of rivastigmine medication. Results: Spectral analysis of the EEG data showed a significant power decrease in the delta and theta frequency bands during rivastigmine medication, i.e., a shift of the power spectrum towards ânormalization'. Three-dimensional low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) functional imaging localized rivastigmine effects in a network that includes left fronto-parietal regions, posterior cingulate cortex, bilateral parahippocampal regions, and the hippocampus. Moreover, a correlation analysis between differences in the cognitive performances during the two recordings and LORETA-computed intracortical activity showed, in the alpha1 frequency band, better cognitive performance with increased cortical activity in the left insula. Conclusion: The results point to a ânormalization' of the EEG power spectrum due to medication, and the intracortical localization of these effects showed an increase of cortical activity in frontal, parietal, and temporal regions that are well-known to be affected in Alzheimer's disease. The topographic convergence of the present results with the memory network proposed by Vincent et al. (J. Neurophysiol. 96:3517-3531, 2006) leads to the speculation that in our group of patients, rivastigmine specifically activates brain regions that are involved in memory functions, notably a key symptom in this degenerative diseas
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