9 research outputs found
Les stĂ©rĂ©otypes du « macho » dans lâEtat de Jalisco
Si le « macho » a pendant trĂšs longtemps reprĂ©sentĂ© Ă la fois un idĂ©al masculin â celui de lâhomme fort et viril â et national â symbole du Mexique et de sa rĂ©volution de 1910 â, cette image a aussi soulevĂ© chez dâautres, et ce dĂšs les annĂ©es 1930, lâindignation et la critique, Ă tel point quâau stĂ©rĂ©otype positif rĂ©pond dĂ©sormais son double nĂ©gatif, le « machista », soit le « machiste » phallocrate, jugĂ© violent et vulgaire. Devenue politique officielle, cette condamnation du « machisme » nâen soulĂšve pas moins un certain nombre de rĂ©sistances. Effectivement, outre sa dimension nostalgique et nationaliste, le « macho » incarne toujours une certaine forme dâhonneur. Le stĂ©rĂ©otype sert aussi, de maniĂšre trĂšs efficace et souvent ironique, Ă revendiquer son hĂ©tĂ©rosexualitĂ© contre une homosexualitĂ© stigmatisĂ©e, et ce, quitte Ă avoir des relations homosexuelles comme nous le dĂ©couvrirons au travers de lâanalyse des relations entre clients homosexuels et prostituĂ©s dits « virils ». RĂ©employĂ©s, rĂ©interprĂ©tĂ©s, objets de stratĂ©gies, lâusage en contexte des stĂ©rĂ©otypes se rĂ©vĂšle dĂšs lors moins « automatique » et « figé » quâon ne le dit souvent.If the concept of âmachoâ has for a long time represented both a masculine ideal that of the strong and virile man â and a national one â the symbol of Mexico and its 1910 revolution â this image has also aroused outrage and criticism in othersâ minds, particularly since 1930, to the point that this positive stereotype now meets direct criticism, the âmachistaâ or the âmachoâ male chauvinist, and is considered violent and vulgar. As it became an official policy, this condemnation of âmachismoâ also raises a number of resistant behaviors. Indeed, besides its nostalgic and nationalist dimension, the âmachoâ still embodies some form of honor. The stereotype also helps very effectively and often in an ironic way, to assert oneâs heterosexuality against a stigmatized homosexuality, and, even if it means having homosexual relationships, as we discover through the analysis of some relationships between clients and prostitutes called âmanlyâ homosexuals. The use of used and reinterpreted stereotypes, as subjects of strategy, in a specific context, are then less âautomaticâ and ârigidâ than it is usually admitted
 « Machos » et « machistes » : (brÚve) histoire de stéréotypes mexicains
Durant la RĂ©volution mexicaine, entre 1910 et 1920, surgit un stĂ©rĂ©otype qui sera promis Ă un bel avenir : le « macho ». RĂ©volutionnaire courageux dans un premier temps, ce dernier incarne certes des valeurs guerriĂšres traditionnellement encensĂ©es en temps de guerre mais il sâinscrit aussi dans un contexte nationaliste et populiste qui, en rĂ©action au discours Ă©litiste et raciste de la dictature porfirienne, le fera se confondre avec le MĂ©tis et avec le Peuple. Ă tel point que cette figure classique du combattant, loin de disparaĂźtre en temps de paix, en viendra Ă symboliser, dĂšs les annĂ©es 1940, « le » Mexicain. Un « idĂ©al » qui, loin de se « figer », Ă©voluera au grĂ© des changements de la sociĂ©tĂ© mexicaine... Mais ces transformations ne sont pas les seules Ă affecter le stĂ©rĂ©otype du « macho ». ParallĂšlement Ă cette image globalement positive sâest construite au Mexique depuis les annĂ©es 1930, une figure autrement plus nĂ©gative : celle du « machiste ». Moins connue, cette histoire nâen est pas moins importante puisque câest dĂ©sormais celle qui sâimpose dans le discours officiel lorsquâil sâagit de lutter contre les inĂ©galitĂ©s entre les sexes.During the early years of the Mexican Revolution, between 1910 and 1920, the « macho », a figure emerged during the post revolutionary nationalist regime, holds the promise of a bright future. Brave revolutionary at first, hero born from the mythical narrations of the Revolution, he indeed embodies the martial values traditionally acclaimed during wartime but since he is also part of the nationalist and populist context, in response to the elitist and racist discourse of Porfirioâs dictatorship, he will be mistaken for the Mestizo and the Mass. So much so that the classic figure of the combatant, far from disappearing in time of peace, will become, as of the 1940âs, the symbol of « the » Mexican. This « ideal », far from being rigid, will evolve according to the changes undergone by the Mexican society⊠However, these transformations are not the only or the most significant to affect the « macho » stereotype. Concurrently to this globally positive image, a far more negative image has emerged in Mexico since the 1930âs, that of the « machista » [male chauvinist]. This story, less known, is nevertheless just as important since it stands out in the official discourse of the fight against gender inequality
Normas sociales, estereotipos, discriminaciĂłn y violencia entre pares: el caso de una secundaria en Jalisco
Abstract: Harassment at school is sometimes confused with the absence of norms, yet this ethnographic research study-associated with a reinterpretation of the ecological model-shows the opposite: Rules are generally present and model the stereotypes that give rise to discriminatory behaviors. And such behaviors lead to studentsâ violence toward their peers. In the cases of bullying studied in a secondary school in the state of Jalisco, it was shown that such rules present a degree of complexity since norms at the macro level-shared by most of society-coexist with other norms of a micro type-within the classroom, for example. This fact invites us to rethink not only the phenomenon of bullying, but also the strategies implemented to combat it.Resumen: El acoso escolar a veces es confundido con la ausencia de normas; esta investigaciĂłn de tipo etnogrĂĄfica -asociada a una reinterpretaciĂłn del modelo ecolĂłgico- demuestra que al contrario, las reglas generalmente estĂĄn presentes y son precisamente Ă©stas las que modelan los estereotipos que dan lugar a comportamientos discriminatorios, que conllevan la violencia ejercida por parte de los alumnos hacia sus pares. Efectivamente, en los casos de bullying estudiados en una secundaria de Jalisco, se corroborĂł que dichas reglas presentan una cierta complejidad, ya que coexisten normas a nivel macro -compartidas por la mayor parte de la sociedad- con otras de tipo micro -dentro de un salĂłn de clase, por ejemplo. Esto, nos invita a repensar no solamente el fenĂłmeno del bullying, sino tambiĂ©n las estrategias implementadas para combatirlo
Machos et machistes (anthropologie de stĂ©rĂ©otypes mexicains depuis l'Ătat de Jalisco)
Il s'agit, grĂące Ă une Ă©tude dans l'Ătat de Jalisco symbole de la mexicanitĂ© , d'analyser en tant que tels les stĂ©rĂ©otypes avec lesquels les Mexicains ont Ă©tĂ© confondus. Nous refusant Ă catĂ©goriser donc, nous Ă©tudierons Ă l'inverse les mĂ©canismes de catĂ©gorisation... On dĂ©couvrira ainsi que les stĂ©rĂ©otypes ont une gĂ©ographie et une histoire, qu'ils sont soumis dans leurs dĂ©finitions et leurs emplois Ă des luttes entre acteurs et entre institutions, qu'ils structurent mais aussi contraignent les identitĂ©s, les interactions quotidiennes et les rapports entre groupes, qu'ils rĂ©pondent Ă des usages stratĂ©giques et politiques, qu'ils s'inscrivent dans des rĂ©seaux de sens, en rapport avec d'autres reprĂ©sentations, qu'en tant qu'autostĂ©rĂ©otype ou hĂ©tĂ©rostĂ©rĂ©otype, enfin, macho et machiste incarnent des normes et dĂ©signent des dĂ©viances...This work made of an investigation in the State of Jalisco which is a real symbol of Mexicanity, is about to analyze as such the stereotypes with which the Mexicans have been confused. As we refuse to categorize, we will study on the contrary, the mechanisms of categorization... We thus discover that stereotypes have a geography and history ; they are subjected in their definitions and their uses to struggles between actors and institutions. They also shape and force the identities, the daily interactions and the connections between groups, they respond to political and strategic purposes, they are embedded in networks of meaning in connection with other representations, and therefore, as an autostereotype or as a heterostereotype, "macho" and "machista" end up embodying standards and denoting deviances...POITIERS-BU Droit Lettres (861942101) / SudocSudocFranceF
Heparan sulfate co-immobilized with cRGD ligands and BMP2 on biomimetic platforms promotes BMP2-me diate d osteogenic differentiation
full test at https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1bffh6CFjZFwM1International audienceThe chemical and physical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are known to be fundamental for regulating growth factor bioactivity. The role of heparan sulfate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan, and of cell adhesion proteins (containing the cyclic RGD (cRGD) ligands) on bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)- mediated osteogenic differentiation has not been fully explored. In particular, it is not known whether and how their effects can be potentiated when they are presented in controlled close proximity, as in the ECM. Here, we developed streptavidin platforms to mimic selective aspects of the in vivo presenta- tion of cRGD, HS and BMP2, with a nanoscale-control of their surface density and orientation to study cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation. We showed that whereas a controlled increase in cRGD sur- face concentration upregulated BMP2 signaling due to ÎČ3 integrin recruitment, silencing either ÎČ1 or ÎČ3 integrins negatively affected BMP2-mediated phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/9 and alkaline phosphatase expression. Furthermore, the presence of adsorbed BMP2 promoted cellular adhesion at very low cRGD concentrations. Finally, we proved that HS co-immobilized with cRGD both sustained BMP2 signaling and enhanced osteogenic differentiation com pared to BMP2 directly immobilized on streptavidin, even with a low cRGD surface concentration. Altogether, our results show that HS facilitated and sustained the syn- ergy between BMP2 and integrin pathways and that the co-immobilization of HS and cRGD peptides optimised BMP2-mediated osteogenic differentiation. Statement of significance The growth factor BMP2 is used to treat large bone defects. Previous studies have shown that the pre- sentation of BMP2 via extracellular matrix molecules, such as heparan sulfate (HS), can upregulate BMP2 signaling. The potential advantages of dose reduction and local specificity have stimulated interest in further investigations into biomimetic approaches. We designed a streptavidin model surface eligible for immobilizing tunable amounts of molecules from the extracellular space, such as HS, adhesion motifs (cyclic RGD) and BMP2. By studying cellular adhesion, BMP2 bioactivity and its osteogenic potential we reveal the combined effect of integrins, HS and BMP2, which contribute in answering fundamental ques- tions regarding cell-matrix interaction
Identité, culture et intimité
MalgrĂ© le long travail de critique des essentialismes Ă caractĂšre ethnique, racial ou national menĂ© par les sciences sociales, ceux-ci continuent Ă nourrir de multiples formes de discrimination et de violence. Sur base de ce constat, ce numĂ©ro invite Ă dĂ©passer les approches qui soulignent le caractĂšre historique et/ou situationnel des identitĂ©s culturelles pour en faire, de façon plus fondamentale, une forme de typification sociale ordinaire, susceptible de prendre une âĂ©paisseur culturelleâ diffĂ©rente en fonction des contextes dâinteraction. Prenant appui sur des recherches menĂ©es en AmĂ©rique centrale, en Europe et en Asie, les articles de ce numĂ©ro montrent que les stĂ©rĂ©otypes jouent, pour construire de lâintimitĂ© Ă lâintĂ©rieur dâune catĂ©gorie dâappartenance, sur des registres culturels privilĂ©giĂ©s tels que la langue, la virilitĂ©, lâusage de lâargent ou encore lâesthĂ©tique du corps. Loin de relever de lâarbitraire, cette articulation entre identitĂ© et culture renvoie Ă des contextes dâapprentissage et dâexpression spĂ©cifiques. Un tel angle dâanalyse, qui sâinscrit dans une ambition plus large de dĂ©cloisonnement disciplinaire et thĂ©orique, offre des pistes intĂ©ressantes pour comprendre la rĂ©silience des identifications culturelles