Foot placement changes associated with speed change.

<p>Relationship between COP-to-NP distance and speed increment (<i>v_k+1– v_k</i>) for ACC, DEC and CSR. For scatter plots, each participant is represented by a different symbol and tasks by colors (Black: ACC; red: CSR; blue: DEC).</p

Variables determining COM apex.

<p>(A) COM height change in two consecutive flight phases (<i>h_k+1– h_k</i>; Fig. 1A). Changes to leg stiffness(B) and force(C) during the compression and thrust phases of stance for CSR, SU and SD. The relationship between leg force and virtual leg length during stance in CSR (D), SU (E) and SD (F). Interaction effect <i>p_AB</i> was obtained by factorial repeated ANOVA (task and phase). * means <i>p</i><0.05, ** means <i>p</i><0.01, and *** means <i>p</i><0.001.</p

Methods used to evaluate body control strategies for running.

<p>(A) Definition of parameters: running height (<i>h_k</i>), COM horizontal speed (<i>v_k</i>), virtual leg (spring connecting COP and COM), leg force (projection of GRF onto the virtual leg), components of the NP strategy for maintaining forward running speed, and definition of body orientation (ϕ). (B) Experimental coordinates and force platform setup. Dashed line box indicates dimensions of rubber mat used to obscure the force platforms.</p

Variables associated with speed increment.

<p>Relationships between speed increment (<i>v_k+1– v_k</i>) and independent variables (A) stance leg hip moment, the time average of hip flexion (+)/extension (<i>–</i>) moment during stance phase, (B) compression, (C) thrust force for ACC, DEC and CSR. (D) Relationship between COP-to-NP distance and <i>v_k+1– v_k</i> for SU (magenta) and SD (green).</p

Relationship of hip moments to body orientation.

<p>Measured body pitch angle ϕ(<i>t</i>) (A), and angular speed (B) during stance. Line colors corresponded to the tasks (Black: ACC; red: CSR; blue: DEC; magenta: SU; green SD). For ϕ(<i>t</i>) the reference angles ϕ_d from each task are indicated by the dashed horizontal lines. Pitch angle ϕ(<i>t</i>) (C) and angular speed (D) predicted by Eq. 2 in stance. Each trial was simulated from the initial conditions of ϕ and at TD. For each participant the simulation was implemented under ode45 function of MATLAB . <i>J</i> is the pitch moment of inertia of the upper extremities relative to the hip in the sagittal plane. <i>M_g</i> is the moment relative to hip caused by the upper body’s COM, and <i>M_acc</i> is the moment relative to the hip caused by the acceleration of upper body’s COM in the sagittal plane. For each participant all trials within each task were averaged, then averaged across all participants within a task. Shaded areas indicate mean±s.e.m.</p

Parameters in Eq. 2 for different tasks.

<p>Parameters in Eq. 2 for different tasks.</p

Comparison between measured hip moments and predicted hip moments.

<p>Measured hip moment was calculated as the sum of both legs’ hip flexion/extension moments (blue solid). τ (PD, dash and dotted) was predicted by (Eq. 2). P (dashed) is the proportional portion of τ, while D (dotted) is the derivative component of τ. Measured hip moment, τ, P, and D were first averaged from all trials within each task for each participant, and then averaged across all participants and tasks. Shaded areas are mean±s.e.m.</p

Metastasierungsverhalten und Prognose von verrukösen Karzinomen -Literaturübersicht und retrospektive Studie-

Die Arbeit umfaßt erstens einen Literaturüberblick über die charakteristischen Merkmale und Besonderheiten des verrukösen Karzinoms (VK) und die Prognose bei unterschiedlichen therapeutischen Herangehensweisen. Von besonderem Interesse ist die LK-Metastasierung von VK. In der Literaturauswertung konnten dabei 18 Fälle ermittelt werden; dabei waren nur in einem Fall Fernmetastasen vorhanden. Die Prognose von VK ist gut bei einer adäquaten chirurgischen Therapie; die Mitbehandlung des Lymphabstromgebietes sollte nicht routinemäßig erfolgen. Zweiter Schwerpunkt der Arbeit ist eine Auswertung des Patientengutes der Klinik und Poliklinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie der Charité (24 Patienten) und der Hals-Nasen-Ohrenklinik der Charité (13 Patienten) unter der besonderen Fragestellung des Metastasierungsverhaltens und der Prognose von VK. In 2 Fällen wurden LK-Metastasen eines VK festgestellt. In keinem Fall ist das VK als Todesursache eines Patienten bekannt. Bei 8 Patienten traten Rezidive auf. Es wurde festgestellt, daß größere Tumoren schneller und häufiger rezidivieren. Bei der Hälfte der Patienten trat das Rezidiv 4 bis 9 Monate post operationem auf. Die Früherkennung von VK ist wichtig, denn die Prognose ist umso besser, je kleiner der Tumor ist.The paper comprises first an assessment of literature about the characteristics, and the particularities of verrucous carcinoma (VC), and prognosis dependent on the different therapies. Of particular interest is the lymph node metastatic invasion of VC. The assessment of literature showed in 18 cases lymph node metastases; one VC of these had distant metastases. The prognosis of VC is excellent with adequate surgical therapy. Lymph node treatment should not be routine. Second point of the paper is the assessment of data of 24 patients with VC of the Clinic for Oral and Maxillo-Facial surgery of the Charité and 13 patients with VC of the Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology of the Charité with special attention on metastatic invasion and prognosis of VC. Two patients had lymph node metastases caused by a VC. In no case VC is known as cause of death. Eight patients had relapses. Half of these patients had relapse 4 to 9 monthes post operationem. It was established that larger tumors relapse more often and faster. Early detection of VC is necessary, because the prognosis is the better the smaller the tumor is

Middle finger moment arm values (mm).

<p>Left MCP curves, PIP and DIP curves represent flex/extension moment arms as a function of flexion (+)/ extension (-). Right MCP curves represent ab/adduction moment arms as a function of abduction (+)/ adduction (-). Solid curves (with plot markers) represent experimentally derived moment arms from anatomical attachment locations, and dotted curves represent optimally estimated moment arms from data-driven optimizations.</p

Significant interaction effects between Keyboard Layout and Device Orientation.

<p>Least squares (and standard error) values are presented for (a) mean self-reported discomfort across device orientation and keyboard layout, (b) median wrist adduction across device orientation and keyboard layout, (c) median IP flexion across device orientation and keyboard layout, and (d) wrist joint range of motion for the flex./ext. axis across device orientation and keyboard layout. The superscript letters in the figure represent results from the Tukey post-hoc analysis: same letters denote groups without significant differences. Values with different letters are ranked such that A>B>C.</p