UR-363 Quantum Machine Learning Applied to Cybersecurity

We propose the development of a system that uses the TensorFlow Quantum and PennyLane packages and applies quantum machine learning (QML) algorithms to process various security and malicious data sets and compares the performance with classical machine learning (CML) algorithms. One of the most important applications of QML is for cybersecurity. This project will begin with research of quantum computing and machine learning, then followed by the development of a system that uses the TensorFlow Quantum and PennyLane packages and applies quantum machine learning (QML) algorithms to process various security and malicious data sets and compares the performance with classical machine learning (CML) algorithms.The data sets for our modules include DDoS prevention, malware detection, user behavior anomaly detection, and spam email filtering. We provide detailed instructions for program implementation on our project website in order to better proliferate quantum programming in order to encourage others to explore quantum algorithms

The accuracy of voiding urosonography in detecting vesico-ureteral reflux: a summary of existing data.

The primary objective of this review was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of voiding urosonography (VUS) in detecting reflux (VUR). As a secondary objective, the reported technical suggestions and diagnostic mistakes were shown to improve the examination protocol and provide the most accurate results. Using a Medline Database search, the published articles comparing the grey-scale (GS) or colour-Doppler (CD) VUS with voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) as the gold standard were selected. Articles were excluded when data were not sufficient to construct 2x2 tables or when the gold standard was different from VCUG. For the analyses of diagnostic accuracy values, 95% confidence intervals were given. Agreements in the results of GSVUS and VCUG and in those of CDVUS and VCUG were determined by Kappa statistics. GSVUS and CDVUS were compared for diagnostic accuracy by the McNemar test. Results showed that the range of GSVUS sensitivity and specificity in detecting VUR was 69%-100% and 86%-97%, respectively. The agreement between GSVUS and VCUG diagnoses ranged from 90% to 97% (K score range 0.61-0.92; P<0.001). The range of CDVUS sensitivity and specificity in detecting VUR was 93%-100% and 86%-93%, respectively. The agreement between CDVUS and VCUG diagnoses ranged from 89% to 96% (K score range 0.77-0.91; P<0.001). One study comparing both VUS modalities with VCUG in the same group of patients, showed that the diagnostic accuracy of CDVUS was significantly higher than that of GSVUS (96% versus 90% of cases correctly classified; McNemar chi squared =4; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: the existing data indicate that false-negative voiding urosonographic diagnoses (8%-31%) and underestimated reflux grading cases using the same technique are related to anatomical conditions, patient cooperation and contrast medium administration. False-positive (3%-14%) and overestimated reflux grading cases using voiding urosonography could be correctly assessed cases. The intermittent nature of vesico-ureteral reflux is better detected by a technique employing a prolonged observation time, such as voiding urosonography. This might question the current role of voiding cystourethrography in the investigation of reflux

Improvement of Hysterosalpingographic Accuracy in the Diagnosis of Peritubal Adhesions

OBJECTIVE. Our purpose was to compare hysterosalpingography with laparoscopy in the diagnosis of peritubal adhesions and to verify whether a combination of radiographic signs improves hysterosalpingographic accuracy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Thirty candidates for laparoscopy underwent hysterosalpingography before surgery. Two radiologists evaluated the presence or absence and types of radiographic signs of peritubal adhesions (convoluted tubes, vertical tubes, loculation of contrast medium in peritoneum, halo effect, and fixed laterodeviation of the uterus) using two different criteria for normality or abnormality: no sign means a normal result, one or more signs mean an abnormal result (first criterion); no sign or one sign means a normal result, two or more signs mean an abnormal result (second criterion). Interpretation discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Peritubal and periovarian adhesions were evaluated by a single operating surgeon during laparoscopy (recorded on S-VHS videotape) and by a different surgeon reviewing the videotape. The radiographic results obtained using the two criteria in radiologically patent as well as in distally nonpatent tubes were compared with corresponding laparoscopic results by 2x 2 tables and were statistically analyzed (kappa statistics). RESULTS. The first criterion displayed poor diagnostic accuracy. The correlation with laparoscopy was not statistically significant in either radiologically patent or distally nonpatent tubes. The second criterion greatly improved the agreement with laparoscopy, but only in patent tubes (k = 0.7789; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION. Hysterosalpingographic accuracy in peritubal adhesion diagnosis can be improved in patent tubes by taking into account more than one of the reported radiographic signs

Contrast-enhanced Voiding US for Grading of Reflux in Adult Patients Prior to Antireflux Ureteral Implantation1

PURPOSE: To prospectively assess contrast material\u2013enhanced voiding ultrasonography (US) for grading of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and to compare results with those of voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in adult patients undergoing antireflux ureteral implantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven consecutive adult patients who had undergone renal transplantation with Politano-Leadbetter (18 patients) or Lich- Gregoire (19 patients) technique were included on the basis of previous urinary tract infections (UTIs) and time elapsed after renal transplantation. Exclusion criterion was current UTI. US was performed by one of two sonologists with injection of saline and microbubble suspension and was recorded on videotape. Sonologists assigned VUR diagnosis in consensus after videotape review. VCUG was performed by one of two radiologists immediately after US. Radiologists were blinded to US findings and assigned VCUG diagnoses in consensus. Contingency table was used to compare US and VCUG. Agreement between US and VCUG was determined with statistics. RESULTS: With VCUG, VUR was diagnosed in 15 patients and not diagnosed in 22 patients. US and VCUG results were in agreement in 14 patients with VUR and 21 patients without VUR. US sensitivity and specificity for detection of VUR were 93% (14 true-positive results in 15 abnormal cases) and 95% (21 true-negative results in 22 normal cases), respectively. Agreement between US and VCUG was 95% (0.89, P .001). In 11 of 14 patients, VUR grades were in agreement for US and VCUG. In three of 14 patients, US indicated a higher grade than did VCUG. VUR was diagnosed in seven of 18 Politano-Leadbetter cases and eight of 19 Lich-Gregoire cases. CONCLUSION: A high rate of agreement was seen between voiding US and VCUG

Contrast enhanced Gray-scale and Color-Doppler Voiding Urosonography vs. Voiding Cystourethrography in the diagnosis and grading of vesicoureteral reflux.JCU2001;29:65-71/IF=0.596

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare contrast-enhanced gray-scale voiding urosonography (CE-VUS) and contrast-enhanced color Doppler voiding urosonography (CE-CDVUS) with voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) to verify whether the use of color Doppler imaging improves the diagnosis and grading of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Methods. ln 74 patients, CE-VUS and CE-CDVUS were compared with VCUG, which was used as the gold standard. SHU 508 A (Levovist) was used as the echo-enhancing contrast agent. VUR was diagnosed if hyperechoic dots or color signals were visualized in the ureter on sonograms. VUR grading was based on morphologic and dynamic findings on CE-VUS and morphologic and color findings on CE-CDVUS. VCUG was performed conventionally, and grading by VCUG was in accordance with the international system of radiographic VUR grading. Patients who voided during 1 examination only (either CE-VUS and CE-CDVUS or VCUG) were excluded from the study. Agreement between the results of CE-VUS and VCUG and between those of CE-CDVUS and VCUG in diagnosing VUR was calculated by rc statistics. CE-VUS and CECDVUS were compared for diagnostic accuracy by the McNemar test. Results. The agreement between CE-VUS and Correspondence to: A. L. Valentini @ 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. VOL. 29, NO, 2, FEBRUARY 2OO1 VCUG in predicting VUR was 90% (rc score,0.77; p < 0.001). The agreement between CE-CDVUS and VCUG was 96% (rc score, 0.91; p < 0.001). CE-CDVUS showed a significantly higher diagnostic accuracy than did CEVUS (96% versus 90% of cases correctly classified; McNemar X2 = 4; p < 0.05). This was mainly related to the lower number of false-negative results for grade I and grade ll VUR when CE-CDVUS was used. Conclusions. The use of color Doppler imaging significantly improves the accuracy of contrast voiding urosonography in the detection and grading of VUR

Adult medullary cystic disease of the kidney and pancreatic cystic disease: a new association.Scan J Urol Nephr 1999;33:422-424/IF=0.448

A rare case of a woman with the adult form of medullary cystic disease associated with pancreatic cysts in pancreas divisum is described, which suggests that specific attention should be paid to computed tomography findings in the presence of pancreatic and renal cysts