Genetic Factors Modulate Lead Concentrations In The Organism [fatores Genéticos Que Modulam Concentrações De Chumbo No Organismo]

Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic heavy metal, even at low concentrations. There is no threshold considering "safe" for lead exposure. The toxic effects are due mainly to the enzymatic changes, such as inhibition of the enzyme delta aminolevulinic dehydratase (ALAD) and the ability to compete with calcium. The primary sites for lead absorption are gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. Once absorbed, lead is found in blood, soft tissues and mineralizing systems. Approximately 99% of the total body burden of lead is found in bones, body's major storage site. Around 1% of lead in blood is in plasma, representing the labile and biologically active lead fraction, able to pass the cells membranes and cause toxic effects. Despite the measures taken to reduce the concentrations of metal in nature, some individuals may be more susceptible to adverse effects caused by exposure to lead. Genetic factors has been studied and associated to differences among blood and plasma lead concentrations in subjects exposure. Subjects with different genotypes has proved lower or higher blood concentrations and plasma Pb. Recognize the individual or group of individuals more susceptible to high concentrations of lead can be a useful tool in preventing the toxic effects of metal. 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Efeitos de águas residuárias de café no crescimento vegetativo de cafeeiros em seu primeiro ano Effects of processing coffee wastewater on first year coffee plants growth

Ao utilizar o solo como forma de tratamento e de disposição final de águas residuárias de café (ARC) e essa como fonte de água e de nutrientes para os cafeeiros, solucionam-se problemas ambientais e diminuem-se os custos de produção para o cafeicultor. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de potássio aplicadas via ARC no crescimento vegetativo de cafeeiros (Coffea arabica L.), Catuaí' e Catucaí', em seu primeiro ano, bem como o incremento de potássio e a condutividade elétrica na solução do solo. O estudo foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Engenharia, na Universidade Federal de Lavras, no município de Lavras - MG. Os tratamentos foram definidos por diferentes doses de potássio (K+): 30 mg L-1; 65 mg L-1; 100 mg L-1; 135 mg L-1, aplicadas via ARC, e pela testemunha (água de irrigação e adubação convencional). ARC com concentrações até 135 mg L-1 de potássio contribui para o crescimento vegetativo do cafeeiro, especificamente, altura de planta e diâmetro do ramo ortotrópico, mostrando-se igualmente, ou melhor, que a água de irrigação e potássio por meio da adubação convencional. Além disso, o aumento na concentração de potássio do solo em todos os tratamentos não foi suficiente para aumentar a condutividade elétrica em níveis que possam afetar o crescimento da planta, no período avaliado.<br>Using the soil as a form of treatment and final disposal for coffee wastewater(CW), considering its water and nutrient content to the coffee, solves environmental problems and reduces production costs for coffee growers. This research had the objective to evaluate the influence of different potassium levels from WC on the growth of (Coffea arabica L.), Catuaí' and Catucaí' coffee varieties, in their fist year, as well the potassium increase and electrical conductivity in the soil solution. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of the Engineering Department, of Universidade Federal de Lavras, in Lavras - MG, Brazil. The treatment levels were defined as: 30 mg L-1; 65 mg L-1; 100 mg L-1; 135 mg L-1 of potassium (K+), applied through CW and the control (irrigation water and conventional fertilization). Coffee processing wastewater with concentration up to 135 mg L-1 of potassium contributes to coffee growth, specifically, plant height and shoot diameter, showing to be equal or even better than irrigation water and potassium via conventional fertilizers. In addition, during the period evaluated the increase in soil potassium concentration was not enough to increase electrical conductivity to levels that could affect plant growth