Concrete sewer pipe corrosion induced by sulphuric acid environment

Corrosion of concrete sewer pipes induced by sulphuric acid attack is a recognised problem worldwide, which is not only an attribute of countries with hot climate conditions as thought before. The significance of this problem is by far only realised when the pipe collapses causing surface flooding and other severe consequences. To change the existing post-reactive attitude of managing companies, easy to use and robust models are required to be developed which currently lack reliable data to be correctly calibrated. This paper focuses on laboratory experiments of establishing concrete pipe corrosion rate by submerging samples in to 0.5 pH sulphuric acid solution for 56 days under 10ºC, 20ºC and 30ºC temperature regimes. The result showed that at very early stage of the corrosion process the samples gained overall mass, at 30ºC the corrosion progressed quicker than for other temperature regimes, however with time the corrosion level for 10ºC and 20ºC regimes tended towards those at 30ºC. Overall, at these conditions the corrosion rates of 10 mm/year, 13,5 mm/year and 17 mm/year were observed

Growth of Big Food and Big Tobacco sales in developing countries: An example.

<p>Shaded blue line is developed countries, dashed grey line is developing countries. Source: Passport Global Market Information Database: EuroMonitor International, 2011 <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001242#pmed.1001242-EuroMonitor1" target="_blank">[12]</a>.</p

Association between publication output (1996–2010) and gross national product per capita (2008), Africa.

<p>Association between publication output (1996–2010) and gross national product per capita (2008), Africa.</p

Countries and territories with the fewest publications in medicine (1996–2010) in absolute numbers.

<p>Note: The term “United States Minor Outlying Islands" encompasses a group of Pacific atolls with no permanent population. While featured in only six publications, it has a high proportion of scientists among the 300 or so temporary visitors, incidentally, making it the territory with the highest number of publications per head of population in the world.</p

Countries and territories with the fewest publications in medicine (1996–2010) per capita.

<p>Countries and territories with the fewest publications in medicine (1996–2010) per capita.</p

Association between publication output (1996–2010) and total health expenditure per capita (2008), Africa.

<p>Association between publication output (1996–2010) and total health expenditure per capita (2008), Africa.</p

Dietary Salt Reduction and Cardiovascular Disease Rates in India: A Mathematical Model

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Reducing salt intake has been proposed to prevent cardiovascular disease in India. We sought to determine whether salt reductions would be beneficial or feasible, given the worry that unrealistically large reductions would be required, worsening iodine deficiency and benefiting only urban subpopulations.</p> <h3>Methods and Results</h3><p>Future myocardial infarctions (MI) and strokes in India were predicted with a Markov model simulating men and women aged 40 to 69 in both urban and rural locations, incorporating the risk reduction from lower salt intake. If salt intake does not change, we expect ∼8.3 million MIs (95% CI: 6.9–9.6 million), 830,000 strokes (690,000–960,000) and 2.0 million associated deaths (1.5–2.4 million) per year among Indian adults aged 40 to 69 over the next three decades. Reducing intake by 3 g/day over 30 years (−0.1 g/year, 25% reduction) would reduce annual MIs by 350,000 (a 4.6% reduction; 95% CI: 320,000–380,000), strokes by 48,000 (−6.5%; 13,000–83,000) and deaths by 81,000 (−4.9%; 59,000–100,000) among this group. The largest decline in MIs would be among younger urban men, but the greatest number of averted strokes would be among rural men, and nearly one-third of averted strokes and one-fifth of averted MIs would be among rural women. Only under a highly pessimistic scenario would iodine deficiency increase (by <0.0001%, ∼1600 persons), since inadequate iodized salt access—not low intake of iodized salt—is the major cause of deficiency and would be unaffected by dietary salt reduction.</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Modest reductions in salt intake could substantially reduce cardiovascular disease throughout India.</p> </div

Trade challenges raised against low- and lower-middle–income countries.

<p>Notes: node colour represents country income levels, grouped into quartiles from lowest to highest. Red = Q1, orange = Q2, blue = Q3, and green = Q4. Lines show challenges raised by and to each node. Node size corresponds with the number of challenges raised (min = 1; max = 12). The proximity of nodes to one another corresponds to the frequency of challenges raised against another node (min = 1; max = 5).</p

Food, tobacco, and beverage products that were regulated by measures later subject to trade challenges.

<p>Food, tobacco, and beverage products that were regulated by measures later subject to trade challenges.</p

Associations of tobacco, alcohol, soft drink and processed food markets, 80 countries, 2010.

<p>Associations of tobacco, alcohol, soft drink and processed food markets, 80 countries, 2010.</p