Sex allocation costs of polyandry

Data file including female id, whether females experienced post-copulatory courtship and harassment and whether they re-mated (if applicable). Also includes data on son (M) and daughter production (F)

on-off control vs parasit

Frequencies of aphids on or off the host plant after exposure to parasitoid wasp

Families on vs off and parasitised

Quantitative genetic half-sib family data for parasitised aphid on or off the host plant and for proportion parasitise

Fit Model

Example JMP script used for half-sib quantitative genetic analysis of aphid positions on plant

QG data positions

Quantitative genetic half-sib data for aphid positions on host plant as influenced by parasitoid wasp

Differentially expressed genes in ovipositing versus resting <i>Nasonia vitripennis</i> females showing a log2-fold change>4. Where a tag is associated with more than one gene, all genes are given.

a<p>Tag identifier.</p>b<p><i>Nasonia</i> Official Gene Set version 2 identifier.</p>c<p><i>Nasonia</i> Official Gene Set version 2 description.</p

Differentially expressed tags between resting and ovipositing <i>Nasonia vitripennis</i> females.

<p>Total transcript abundance by treatment for the 322 tags differentially expressed between resting and ovipositing <i>Nasonia vitripennis</i> females (summed across N = 8 biological replicates per treatment). Approximately 77% of these tags show higher expression levels in resting females. The dotted line indicates a 1:1 relationship. All tags with total abundance across both treatments of <16 counts were excluded from the analysis.</p

Gene Ontology (GO) terms significantly enriched among differentially expressed tags down-regulated in oviposting versus resting <i>Nasonia vitripennis</i> females.

<p>Gene Ontology (GO) terms significantly enriched among differentially expressed tags down-regulated in oviposting versus resting <i>Nasonia vitripennis</i> females.</p

Differentially expressed genes with over 1000 tags in ovipositing versus resting <i>Nasonia vitripennis</i> females.

a<p>Tag identifier.</p>b<p><i>Nasonia</i> Official Gene Set version 2 identifier.</p>c<p><i>Nasonia</i> Official Gene Set version 2 description.</p

The importance of intercepts: pleiotropy.

<p>Host genotypes will almost certainly show differences in ω_o,n (genetic variation for life history characteristics is ubiquitous <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001006#ppat.1001006-Stearns1" target="_blank">[37]</a>), and in some cases these differences will be linked to variation in the traits that contribute to virulence (α_n or <i>I</i>_n) via pleiotropy (where one gene influences more than one trait). For example, hosts that possess alleles that confer more potent defences (ability to control <i>I</i> or α) may be less fit when parasites are not around because the allele that aids defence compromises the performance of other traits (compare ω_oR and ω_oS; R denotes resistance, S denotes susceptible). In other words, there may be a cost of possessing a defence mechanism <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001006#ppat.1001006-Rolff1" target="_blank">[38]</a>, often referred to as a trade-off. It is even conceivable that ω_o,n is lower than host fitness at low <i>I</i>, because individuals without enough parasites can experience difficulty with immune regulation: the hygiene hypothesis posits that allergy and autoimmunity result from immune systems lacking direction from parasites (<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001006#ppat.1001006-Yazdanbakhsh1" target="_blank">[39]</a>; see ω_oH, which denotes hygiene). Thus, the rank order of ω_o,n may be the opposite of the rank order of fitness when infected. Moreover, ω_on may not be easily predicted from the relationship between parasite density and host fitness when infected—for example, when just a small number of parasites stimulates a damaging or energy-sapping immune response that is little amplified by further infection. Generally, the fitness of uninfected individuals need not be a linear extrapolation of the relationship between fitness and parasite density (<i>I</i>).</p