Comparison of Mortgage Loans in the Czech Republic

Import 05/08/2014Cílem bakalářské práce je srovnání hypotečních úvěrů nabízených bankami v České republice a následný výběr nejvhodnějšího hypotečního produktu pro financování výstavby rodinného domu. Optimální varianta byla vybrána pomocí metody vícekriteriální analýzy.The aim of the thesis is the comparison of mortgage loans offered by banks in the Czech Republic and the subsequent selection of the most suitable mortgage product for financing the construction of a house. Optimal been selected using the multi-criteria analysis.154 - Katedra financívýborn

Vaccination of chickens decreased Newcastle disease virus contamination in eggs

<p>Newcastle disease is an important health issue of poultry causing major economic losses and inhibits trade worldwide. Vaccination is used as a control measure, but it is unknown whether vaccination will prevent virus contamination of eggs. In this study, hens were sham-vaccinated or received one or two doses of inactivated LaSota vaccine, followed three weeks later by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) challenge. Eggs were collected daily and shell, albumen and yolk were subjected to virus isolation, as were oral and cloacal swabs at 2 and 4 days post-challenge (dpc). A second experiment evaluated the distribution of the virus in the reproductive tract of non-vaccinates. All vaccinated chickens survived challenge, and the levels of virus shed from cloacal swabs were decreased significantly when compared to shams. In non-vaccinated hens, virus was detected in the ovary and all segments of the oviduct. Yolk, albumen and eggshell surface from eggs laid at day 4 and 5 post-infection by sham-vaccinated hens were positive for NDV, but eggs from LaSota vaccinated hens lacked virus in internal egg components (i.e. yolk and albumen) and had reduction in the number of positive eggshell surfaces. These results indicate virulent NDV can replicate in the reproductive tract of hens and contaminate internal components of eggs and eggshell surface, but vaccination was able to prevent internal egg contamination, reducing eggshell surface contamination, and reducing shedding from digestive and respiratory tracts in virulent NDV challenged hens.</p

Serological status, as determined by hemagglutination inhibition, of wood ducks (<i>Aix sponsa</i>) 21 days after experimental pre-exposure to low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses^a, and 10 days after challenge with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus A/whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1)^b.

a<p>Birds were inoculated via choanal cleft with a dose of 10⁶EID₅₀ of different LPAI viruses. Serologic data of the naïve group were omitted due the 100% mortality observed in this group, and data of the A/mallard/Netherlands/2/05 (H5N2) group were omitted due to lack of seroconversion.</p>b<p>Birds were challenged via choanal cleft with a dose of 10⁴EID₅₀ of A/whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1), 21 days after experimental pre-exposure to different subtypes of LPAI viruses.</p>c<p>Samples with HI titer≥8 were considered positive.</p>d<p>HI using antigen against homosubtypic LPAI virus, either H1N1, H5N1, or H5N2.</p>e<p>HI using antigen against A/whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1).</p>f<p>Abbreviations: LPAIV-dpe = days after LPAI pre-exposure; HPAIV-dpc = days after H5N1 HPAI challenge; † = succumbed to HPAI H5N1 infection.</p

Serological status before and after the experimental low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus exposure, virus isolation data, and mortality of wood ducks (<i>Aix sponsa</i>) experimentally inoculated^a with different subtypes of LPAI viruses and subsequently challenged with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus A/whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1)^b.

a<p>Birds were pre-exposed via choanal cleft with a dose of 10⁶EID₅₀.</p>b<p>Birds were challenged via choanal cleft with a dose of 10⁴EID₅₀ 21 days after experimental pre-exposure to LPAI viruses.</p>c<p>Groups of wood ducks (n = 5) experimentally pre-exposed to different LPAI viruses.</p>d<p>The naïve group was not experimentally pre-exposed to LPAI virus.</p>e<p>Abbreviations: bELISA = blocking ELISA; HI = hemagglutination inhibition; MDT = mean death time (days); + = positive; − = negative; NA = non applicable.</p>f<p>bELISA result (number of birds). Twelve out of 25 birds had avian influenza nucleoprotein antibodies at the beginning of the trial, before experimental exposure to a LPAI virus.</p>g<p>Number of birds that had at least one cloacal and/or oropharyngeal swab that tested positive on virus isolation after avian influenza virus exposure/total number of birds.</p>h<p>HI using antigen against homosubtypic LPAI virus, either H5N2, H1N1, or H5N1. Serum samples were colleted 21 days after LPAI virus pre-exposure.</p

Histopathology lesions observed in wood ducks (<i>Aix sponsa</i>) that succumbed or survived after challenge with the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1)^a.

a<p>Wood ducks were challenged via choanal cleft with a dose of 10⁴EID₅₀ of A/whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1) 21 days after experimental pre-exposure to different subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses.</p

Immunohistochemical analysis for nucleoprotein of avian influenza virus of wood ducks (<i>Aix sponsa</i>) that succumbed to infection (n = 13) with the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1)^a.

a<p>Wood ducks were challenged via choanal cleft with a dose of 10⁴EID₅₀ of A/whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1) 21 days after experimental pre-exposure to different subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses.</p>b<p>Numbers of immunohistochemically positive cells: + = few; ++ = moderate; +++ = numerous.</p><p>*Positive immunohistochemical staining associated or not with microscopic lesions.</p><p>**Positive immunohistochemical staining not associated with microscopic lesions.</p

Clinical outcome and virus isolation data of wood ducks (<i>Aix sponsa</i>) challenged^a with the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1).

a<p>Birds were challenged via choanal cleft with a dose of 10⁴EID₅₀ of A/whooper swan/Mongolia/244/05 (H5N1), 21 days after experimental pre-exposure to different subtypes of LPAI viruses.</p>b<p>Five out of 13 birds that succumbed and six out of 12 birds that survived had pre-existing antibodies against avian influenza.</p>c<p>Abbreviation: HPAIV-dpc = days post H5N1 HPAI challenge; OP = oropharyngeal swab; CLO = cloacal swab; NA = non applicable; * = not tested.</p>d<p>no. of birds that shed the virus/total.</p>e<p>Only birds that died were tested. Therefore, 4/12 birds were tested at 5 HPAIV-dpc, and 6/8 were tested at 6 HPAIV-dpc.</p