Preparation of MgAl2O4 Spinel through Different Wet Chemical Methods and Study of its Densification Behavior.

MgAl2O4 spinel was prepared through three different routes, i.e. Auto-Combustion process, Citrate sol-gel process and Co-precipitation process. Spinelization was studied at three different temperatures (6000C, 7000C, 8000C) for Auto-Combustion process and Citrate sol-gel process and two different temperature (6000C, 7000C) for Co-precipitation process. Optimization was done for all the three routes to achieve phase pure spinel at lowest possible calcination temperature. Phase pure spinel was achieved at 6000C in Co-precipitation process, whereas 7000C was required to prepare phase pure spinel in case of Auto-Combustion process and Citrate sol-gel process. Spinel powders prepared by Co-precipitation process shows relatively high average particle size(800nm).whereas spinel powders prepared by citrate sol-gel and auto combustion route, have an average particle size of around 300 nm. Spinel powders were made into pellet and sintered at three different temperatures i.e. 14500C, 15000C, 15500C . Higher density values were obtained for the citrate sol gel method. A highest density of 3.23 g/cc was obtained for this samples sintered at 1550oC. TiO2 was added as a sintering additive to Spinel powder samples made by all three processes and its effect on the densification behavior was studied. These samples were sintered at three different temperatures i.e. 14500C, 15000C, 15500C. TiO2 addition enhances the densification of spinel prepared through all three methods. Highest density achieved were 3.13 and 3.03 for Co-precipitation and Auto-combustion methods respectively. Again Higher density values were obtained for the citrate sol gel method. A highest density of 3.3 g/cc was obtained for this samples sintered at 1550oC

NUMERAL TO NUMERAL OF BALMIKI AND KUPIA: A MORPHOLOGICAL COMPARISON

Numeral systems are the major counting methods found across languages. They are characterised by unique morphosyntactic structures to show numericity. The efficiency of communicating numbers is related to the morphological construction of numerals. These are also valuable sources for genetic classification. Besides, they play a vital role in establishing the antiquity of a cognate language. Peculiarly, the numeral systems of languages are the most vulnerable to elimination due to major or dominant languages. The quest in this article is to analyse the numeral morphology of Balmiki, a lesser-known language spoken in Odisha, and compare it with that of Kupia, a language spoken in Andhra Pradesh by the B/Valmiki community, to determine if their numeral structures are concealed or influenced by their encroaching languages. This study further contests a louder outbreak created during 2016-18 to ‘discover the Walmiki language’ by analysing a few unreliable numeral examples. In a series, this is the second study that compares and propounds conclusively to the fact that how these duo languages shed light on shared characteristics of numerals inherited or descended in other Indo-Aryan traditions from an etymological ancestor

Design of Phase Locked Loop

In the optical communication in a backbone infra structure, flexibility means, for example, programmable bitrates requiring a PLL with robust operation over a wide range of frequency range. A wide range PLL could be used by different protocols and applications so that we maximize the reusability and reduce time to market. In this report we try to present an extended frequency CMOS monolithic VCO design. A negative feedback control algorithm is used to automatically adjust the VCO range according to control voltage. Based on this analog feedback control algorithm, the VCO achieves a wide range without any pre-register settings. Here we discuss about different component of PLL (Phase Lock Loop), mainly on Phase Frequency Detectors and VCO (voltage controlled oscillator). Here we proposed different architecture of Phase frequency detectors and also of VCOs and designed many architecture in mentor graphics

MINERAL STATUS IN FEMALE DOGS WITH MALIGNANT MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS FED WITH DIFFERENT HABITUAL DIETS

The present study estimated the level of some macro and micro minerals in female dogs with mammary gland tumors fed with different habitual diets. Female dogs bearing malignant mammary tumors were divided into two groups; group-I (n=12) fed only with balanced commercial diet and group-II (n=12) fed only with homemade diet. Ten physiologically healthy female dogs were taken as control. Trace elements viz. iron, copper, zinc and manganese were estimated in plasma and mammary tumor tissues. Calcium and phosphorus were exclusively estimated in plasma. Plasma concentrations of iron, copper and calcium were found to be significantly (p<0.05) elevated in homemade diet group as compared to control. However, the level of zinc, manganese and phosphorus in plasma of female dogs fed only with homemade diet was decreased (p<0.05) in comparison to control. The mammary gland tissue analysis of iron, copper, zinc and manganese has revealed that their level was found to be significantly (p<0.05) increased in mammary gland tumor tissues of both commercial and homemade diet group as compared to normal mammary tissues. The study concluded that, homemade diet significantly influence the plasma mineral status in the tumor bearing female dogs. However, mineral levels in mammary tumor tissues were altered irrespective of diet types

Proposed Method for Shoot-Through in Three Phase ZSI and Comparison of Different Control Techniques

<span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="FR"><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="FR">This paper presented the new methodology for different control techniques applied to three phase Z-source inverter for minimisation of switching losses. The procedure for proposed control techniques and its effects on the performance of operation of three phase Z-source inverter are analyzed. The graphs for </span><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="IN">voltage gain and voltage stress are drawn for different control methods. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="FR">The flow-chart for the symmetrical and unsymmetrical </span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="IN">control techniques for creating pulse signals for switches of three phase inverter are shown</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="FR">. All the methods are studied and compared with each other. The Total harmonic distortion (THD) of output voltage of both the control methods has been analyzed using FFT analysis. The </span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="IN">experiments</span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 9pt;" lang="FR"> done and the results shown for capacitor voltage, load current and load line voltage for simple boost and constant boost control techniques are presented using MATLAB/ Simulink.</span></span

Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark powder on some diagnostic enzymes in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) ingesting arsenic contaminated water and fodder

Aim: The study investigated the effect of Terminalia arjuna bark powder on some diagnostic enzymes related to hepatic and muscle function in buffaloes ingesting arsenic contaminated water and fodder in an arsenic affected area. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 samples of tube well water, fodder and buffalo blood were collected through a survey from arsenic contaminated areas and 20 samples from the uncontaminated, i.e., control areas of Ludhiana district, Punjab for determination of arsenic concentration. A total of 30 buffaloes (selected from above 45 animals) were divided into three groups of 10 each on the basis of blood arsenic level, viz., control group: Clinically healthy buffaloes from the uncontaminated area with the blood arsenic level within the normal limit (0-0.05 ppm); Arsenic exposed group: Buffaloes exposed to arsenic through intake of contaminated water and fodder in the arsenic affected area with the blood arsenic level above the normal limit of 0-0.05 ppm; treatment group: Arsenic exposed buffaloes treated with T. arjuna bark powder orally at 42 mg/kg b.w. OD for 30 days. Single blood samples were collected from control and arsenic exposed groups. Blood samples from the treatment group were collected on 0, 15th, and 30th day of treatment along with one sample on the 45th day, i.e., after withdrawal of treatment. Activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) were assayed in plasma. Results: Significantly (p<0.05) higher arsenic concentration was observed in tube well water, fodder and buffalo blood samples collected from the arsenic contaminated area. A significant positive correlation was noticed between arsenic concentrations of tube well water, fodder and untreated buffalo blood samples, collected from the arsenic affected area. ALP, GGT, LDH, and CK activities were significantly (p<0.05) increased in the arsenic exposed buffaloes compared to control. Treatment with T. arjuna bark powder reduced the plasma levels of ALP, GGT, LDH, and CK in arsenic exposed buffaloes comparable to that of control. Conclusion: Exposure to arsenic altered the hepatic and muscle function enzymes in buffaloes. T. arjuna bark powder supplementation lowered the ALP, GGT, LDH, and CK activities in arsenic exposed buffaloes toward the values exhibited by the control group

A Critical Analysis of Modeling Aspects of D-STATCOMs for Optimal Reactive Power Compensation in Power Distribution Networks

Distribution static compensators (D-STATCOMs) can enhance the technical performance of the power distribution network by providing rapid and continuous reactive power support to the connected bus. Accurate modeling and efficient utilization of D-STATCOMs can maximize their utility. In this regard, this article offers a novel current-injection-based D-STATCOM model under the power control mode of operation for the reactive power compensation of the power distribution network. The versatility of the proposed D-STATCOM model is demonstrated by combining it with two of the most established distribution load flow techniques, viz., the forward–backward sweep load flow and the BIBC–BCBV-matrix-based direct load flow. Further, the allocation of the proposed D-STATCOM model is carried out under a multiobjective mathematical formulation consisting of various technical and economic indices such as the active power loss reduction index, voltage variation minimization index, voltage stability improvement index and annual expenditure index. A novel parameter-free metaheuristic algorithm, namely a student-psychology-based optimization algorithm, is proposed to determine the optimal assignment of the different number of D-STATCOM units under the multiobjective framework. The proposed allocation scheme is implemented on a standard 33-bus test system and on a practical 51-bus rural distribution feeder. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed D-STATCOM model can be efficiently integrated into the distribution load flow algorithms. The student-psychology-based optimization algorithm is found to be robust and efficient in solving the optimal allocation of D-STATCOMs as it yields minimum power loss compared to other established approaches for 33-bus PDNs. Further, the economic analysis carried out in this work can guide network operators in deciding on the number of D-STATCOMs to be augmented depending on the investment costs and the resulting savings

Polymerized albumin binding to serum in various liver diseases: its significance and relation to hepatitis B virus infection

Sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were developed to detect separately the binding of polymerized human serum albumin (PHSA) to its antibody (A-PHSA) and to the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). A-PHSA was not detected in normal serum, whereas more than one-third to about half of sera from patients with acute liver cell injury showed this antibody. Frequency of A-PHSA positivity was low in chronic liver diseases, being relatively higher in those with continuing liver injury. A-PHSA detection was not related to seropositivity for HBsAg. PHSA binding of HBsAg positive sera showed a higher frequency of positivity in chronic carriers than acute hepatitis B. Of 172 asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, PHSA binding was demonstrated in 25 (15%), the frequency being significantly high if HBeAg was also present (84%). Binding was infrequent in sera having anti-HBe (2.9%) and in those negative for both HBeAg and anti-HBe (2.7%). Binding of HBsAg to PHSA was significantly higher than to human serum albumin (HSA). Immunoblotting of separated HBsAg components showed PHSA binding specifically to the high molecular weight peptide. PHSA binding in HBsAg positive serum may indicate the latter's infectivity as detected in a study of maternal-fetal transmission, where it demonstrates 100% infectivity in HBsAg and HBeAg positive mothers. PHSA possibly mediates the attachment of the HBV to the hepatocyte and a competitive binding between A-PHSA with HBsAg for PHSA may modulate the course of HBV infection