Influence of plasma chemistry on oxygen triplets

The plasma chemistry of fluorocarbon-oxygen-argon discharges and its influence on prominent oxygen triplets are studied. The oxygen 777 triplet is very important for the measurement of atomic oxygen in low pressure plasmas, since the 777.417 nm spectral line is frequently used for actinometry. In this paper we identify changes in the individual 777 triplet lines arising from cascade effects from higher energy levels of oxygen, and from resonant energy transfer from energetic carbon atoms in carbon-rich plasmas. The lower energy levels of three oxygen triplets (544 nm, 616 nm, 645 nm) are the upper states of the 777 triplet. Increased emission intensity from the 544, 616, and 645 triplets result in changes to the relative intensity of the individual lines of the 777 triplet, and this can lead to errors in using the 777 triplet, e.g. for actinometry. Also, in operational conditions with strong carbon emission (around 601 nm), the relative intensity of the individual oxygen 777 lines is affected. The upper energy levels of these carbon lines is close to the oxygen 777 upper energy levels, suggesting that resonant energy transfer between the carbon and the oxygen is occurring. The experiments are performed in a commercial semiconductor dielectric etcher operating with dual rf frequencies of 2 MHz and 27 MHz. Pressure (13-19 Pa), rf power (200-1200 W), and gas mixtures (argon with addmixtures of 5-13% oxygen and C4F8) are typical in application to dielectric etching

Suburban pastoral: Strawberry Fields forever and Sixties memory

As a cultural period the 1960s is produced through overlapping forms of social memory in which private and public recollections overlap. In both sound and imagery, pop music, particularly that of the Beatles, is a principal medium of memory for the period. For the period from 1965, the progressive aspects of pop music, particularly in sonic and lyrical complexity, expressed a retrospective, pastoral strain that was itself a form of memory of other periods and places, of childhood and country life. The Beatles double-A-sided single Strawberry Fields forever/Penny Lane, released in February 1967, epitomizes these complexities in a suburban version of pastoral, recalling the Liverpool childhoods of songwriters John Lennon and Paul McCartney. An analysis of the production and reception of the record, including lyrical genesis and musical development, publicity imagery, reviews in both the popular music papers and national news press, and the impact of the record in Liverpool and London, identifies the importance of intense, immediate moments in cultural geography, and their connection to longer developments in a theatre of memory that plays comedy and history as well as tragedy

The Supreme Court and Obscenity: An Exercise in Empirical Constitutional Policy-Making

This Article analyzes the Supreme Court\u27s approach to obscenity. The author suggests that, during this century, constitutional interpretation has been marked by a shift from a formal, deductive approach toward one that is more empirical and instrumental in character. The author analyzes this approach as reflected in the Supreme Court\u27s attempt to devise a constitutional policy on obscenity. The author isolates five empirical propositions underlying the attempt and analyzes them in terms of the empirical evidence that was presently available. The author finds little empirical substantiation for those propositions, casting doubt on the Court\u27s policy and suggests a skeptical view of empirical constitutional policy-making

The physiology of Dionysa aretiodes during micropropagation

Dionysias are high alpine plants which are restricted in the wild and scarce in cultivation. Fourteen species have been cultured in vitro, but weaning has proved difficult, due to water status difficulties with the plant material. Physiological aspects of this problem have been investigated. Acetate peels from adaxial leaf surfaces showed that control of stomatal density was lost during in vitro culture. Studies of the juxtaposition of glands and stomata showed that, apart from stomata of pot grown (de novo) material, clustering occurred for both structures. Glands appeared to progressively inhibit adjacent stomatal development, from de novo material where no inhibition occurred, to cultures subject to water stress where inhibition was pronounced. Experiments to determine the affect of stomatal density on weaning showed that only plants with very low stomatal densities survived to root. Stomatal apertures, determined by floating leaves in water or ABA solutions, fixing and removing epidermal strips, were found to be similar, independent of treatment. Epidermal strips were removed and stained with sodium cobaltinitrite and ammonium polysulphide solutions to determine potassium accumulation in the guard cells. Low levels of potassium were found for all treatments. Higher accumulations were found in flaccid material. Cation accumulations in leaf material were analysed by atomic emission and atomic absorption for sample solutions prepared by dry combustion. The K:Na ratio was found to drop in vitro cultures,, but could be ameliorated by increasing the pH and/or calcium concentration of the media. No amelioration of stomatal operation was found. Samples of farina from eight species, including in vitro and de novo material, were collected by washing leaves in acetone. Differences in farinal composition, revealed by TLC, were found between species, suggesting the possibility of a chemotaxonomic classification. Some quantitative and qualitative differences were found between in vitro and de novo material. It would appear that some biochemical changes occur during in vitro culture. It is postulated that the morphological adaptions shown by Dionysia aretiodes regulate water loss and account for the apparent lack of stomatal functionality. Physiological differences occur when plant material is cultured in vitro, but no effective treatments to improve weaning were found. The survival and rooting of propagules from culture appears linked to water loss as a result of stomatal density and developmental epidermal patterns

Improving patient knowledge of antimicrobial resistance and appropriate antibiotic use in a Rutland county acute care center

Antimicrobial resistant infections are one of the most prevalent global health concerns of our time. It is paramount that action be taken to do all we can to reduce the burden that these “superbug” infections bring in the form of both serious illness and financial strain on healthcare systems. As healthcare professionals, the onus falls on us to educate the public on basic knowledge regarding bacterial/viral illness, as well as proper antibiotic utilization, so that we can all work in coercion with one another to combat this global health concern. The here-in project describes an educational piece with this goal in mind, and provides a projected financial advantage for a successful intervention.https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/fmclerk/1499/thumbnail.jp

Imagining coastal change: reflections on making a film

Geography has a long, if episodic, relationship with film and film-making. In this essay we reflect on the process of making the short film Imagining Change: Coastal Conversations during the first three months of 2012. We discuss some issues arising from the making of the film as a medium and method for showing, and showcasing different forms of arts and humanities practice – narrating, performing, picturing – in relation to environmental change