Titanium dosage in organs and urine performed by ICP-OES.

<p>N.D. Not determined</p><p>Each value represents mean from 6 independent experiments ± SD. For each suspension, 3 measurements were performed.</p><p>(*) represent a statistical difference (p<0.05).</p><p>Titanium dosage in organs and urine performed by ICP-OES.</p

Size distribution of TiO₂ suspension in NaCl determined by dynamic light scattering.

<p>Size distribution of TiO₂ suspension in NaCl determined by dynamic light scattering.</p

HE optical microscopy analysisof TiO₂ agglomerates in target organs.

<p>(A) Liver, 1 day after treatment, (B) Liver, 56 days after treatment, (C) Lungs, 1 day after treatment, (D) Lungs, 56 days after treatment, (E) Spleen, 1 day after treatment, (F) Spleen, 56 days after treatment, (F) Kidney, 1 day after treatment, (G) Kidney, 56 days after treatment.</p

Data correlation in compartmental model.

<p>Data are represented as blue crosses. Means of data at each time are represented as pink dots. Confidence interval at 95% is represented by a dotted line (Mean ± 1.96 × SD). Results obtained with the compartmental model are represented as a black line.</p

Schematic representation of the kinetic models.

<p>Schematic representation of the kinetic models.</p

Transmission electron microscopy analysis and energy dispersive X ray microanalysis spectrum of TiO₂ agglomerates in urine, liver, spleen and kidneys 28 days after intravenous injection.

<p>Transmission electron microscopy analysis and energy dispersive X ray microanalysis spectrum of TiO₂ agglomerates in urine, liver, spleen and kidneys 28 days after intravenous injection.</p

Imaging of carbon nanotube contamination in lung tissue.

<p>(A) Slice from a low resolution electron density volume. (B) Low resolution 2D fluorescence image of the specimen showing iron, phosphorus and sulfur distributions. The circle indicates the ROI that was chosen for higher resolution imaging. The scanned area was about 0.2×0.3 mm² and the step size was 1.8 µm. (C) A schematic representation of the imaging geometry, showing the ROI inside the sample and the two slices that were chosen for further analysis. Phase contrast slice with 60 nm pixel size (D), Fe fluorescence slice with 500 nm pixel size (E) and correlative image of Fe and phase contrast (F) for slice #1 in the lung specimen. Numbers 1, 2, and 3 indicate positions of alveolar macrophages. Phase contrast (G), Fe fluorescence signal (H) and correlative image of Fe and phase contrast (I) for slice #2 in the lung specimen. Number 4 indicates the position of a type 1 pneumocyte, while number 5 indicates the position of an alveolar macrophage. Notice the factor of 10 difference in the relative fluorescence signal between parts (E, F) and (H, I).</p

Principle of correlative nanolaminography.

<p>(A) Schematic of the nanolaminography setup on ID22NI at the ESRF. The beam is focused by multilayer coated Kirkpatrick-Baez optics. The specimen is placed in the focus to raster scan the fluorescence spectra. The specimen is placed downstream of the focus to obtain a full-field magnified holographic image on the 2D detector. The tomographic rotation axis is inclined by the laminographic angle θ with respect to the beam direction. (B) 3D rendering of a lithographically fabricated Siemens star test pattern: the window reveals a single slice from the reconstructed 3D volume and the inset shows the center of the test pattern (scale bar 2 µm). (C) Profile plot along the circle shown in panel b. The inset shows a 135 nm half period achieved as lateral resolution in the 3D image.</p

Correlative Nanoscale 3D Imaging of Structure and Composition in Extended Objects

<div><p>Structure and composition at the nanoscale determine the behavior of biological systems and engineered materials. The drive to understand and control this behavior has placed strong demands on developing methods for high resolution imaging. In general, the improvement of three-dimensional (3D) resolution is accomplished by tightening constraints: reduced manageable specimen sizes, decreasing analyzable volumes, degrading contrasts, and increasing sample preparation efforts. Aiming to overcome these limitations, we present a non-destructive and multiple-contrast imaging technique, using principles of X-ray laminography, thus generalizing tomography towards laterally extended objects. We retain advantages that are usually restricted to 2D microscopic imaging, such as scanning of large areas and subsequent zooming-in towards a region of interest at the highest possible resolution. Our technique permits correlating the 3D structure and the elemental distribution yielding a high sensitivity to variations of the electron density via coherent imaging and to local trace element quantification through X-ray fluorescence. We demonstrate the method by imaging a lithographic nanostructure and an aluminum alloy. Analyzing a biological system, we visualize in lung tissue the subcellular response to toxic stress after exposure to nanotubes. We show that most of the nanotubes are trapped inside alveolar macrophages, while a small portion of the nanotubes has crossed the barrier to the cellular space of the alveolar wall. In general, our method is non-destructive and can be combined with different sample environmental or loading conditions. We therefore anticipate that correlative X-ray nano-laminography will enable a variety of <em>in situ</em> and <em>in operando</em> 3D studies.</p> </div

Correlative nanolaminography for materials research.

<p>A 2D slice of the structure and the elemental distribution in an aluminum foil, taken at 3 µm below the surface. (A) Structure obtained by full field phase laminography. The denser second-phase particles are dark. (B) Co-localization of Ni, Cu and Fe overlaid with the structure. (C) Co-localization of Ni, Cu and Fe shown in three dimensions.</p