Economic Values of Wild Fur Harvest in North Dakota

The North Dakota wild fur industry exists as a small, but important economic and recreational activity. This paper describes the role of furbearers and estimates the impact of recreational furbearer hunting and trapping on economy. Furbearers are animals whose pelts human's use for clothing. Furs are almost exclusively used for garments and trim on clothing. Furbearers are harvested for sport and for profit and to prevent damage to domestic livestock, fowl, and crops. North Dakota furbearer hunters and trappers harvest about $500,000 worth of raw furs per year. Wild fur harvesters spend$30 million each year hunting and trapping in the state. Most of these are recreational hunters and trappers, who, in the aggregate, get about $12 million in nonmonetary enjoyment over and above their expenditures from their participation. These expenditures generate another$69 million in economic activity, producing gross business receipts of $99 million. This level of gross business volume supports 1,466 jobs throughout various economic sectors that provide inputs to support furbearer hunting and trapping activities. Over half of these economic impacts occur in rural areas of North Dakota

Comparison of District Heating Systems and Distributed Geothermal Network for Optimal Exergetic Performance

As part of the IEA ECB Annex 64, Low Exergy Communities, we investigate distributed heating and cooling systems using large campus infrastructures as baselines. The Princeton University system serves as a baseline with a 15 MW combined heat and power facility that supplies heating in winter and cooling in summer. This paper as- sesses a low temperature hot water combined heat and power system and a geothermal system as two alternatives to the current system. The heating period of 2013/2014 is investigated. To assess the primary energy and exergy input required to meet the campus heating demand of 132.8 GWh, the existing system and a theoretical geothermal system are modelled using the MATLAB/Simulink based toolbox CARNOT. The combined heat and power system needs 338.1 GWh of exergy to meet the heat demand and to produce 63.1 GWh of electricity. The geothermal system only needs 219.6 GWh of exergy to meet the heating demand and to provide the same amount of electricity using the electricity grid. The energy efficiency of both investigated systems is equal, but one third of the geothermal system’s energy input is renewable geothermal heat. Also, the exergy efficiency of the geothermal system is 30.7 %, whereas the combined heat and power system has an exergy efficiency of only 19.9 %

Economic Values of Wild Fur Harvest in North Dakota

The North Dakota wild fur industry exists as a small, but important economic and recreational activity. This paper describes the role of furbearers and estimates the impact of recreational furbearer hunting and trapping on economy. Furbearers are animals whose pelts human's use for clothing. Furs are almost exclusively used for garments and trim on clothing. Furbearers are harvested for sport and for profit and to prevent damage to domestic livestock, fowl, and crops. North Dakota furbearer hunters and trappers harvest about $500,000 worth of raw furs per year. Wild fur harvesters spend$30 million each year hunting and trapping in the state. Most of these are recreational hunters and trappers, who, in the aggregate, get about $12 million in nonmonetary enjoyment over and above their expenditures from their participation. These expenditures generate another$69 million in economic activity, producing gross business receipts of $99 million. This level of gross business volume supports 1,466 jobs throughout various economic sectors that provide inputs to support furbearer hunting and trapping activities. Over half of these economic impacts occur in rural areas of North Dakota.Environmental Economics and Policy,

The Leakage Impact Valuation (LIV) Method for Leakage from Geologic CO2 Storage Reservoirs

AbstractLeakage of brine or carbon dioxide (CO2) from geologic CO2 storage reservoirs will trigger numerous costs. We present the Leakage Impact Valuation (LIV) method, a systematic and thorough scenario-based approach to identify these costs, their drivers, and who incurs them across four potential leakage outcomes: 1) Leakage only; 2) leakage that interferes with a subsurface activity; 3) leakage that affects groundwater; and 4) leakage that reaches the surface.The LIV method is flexible and can be used to investigate a wide range of scenarios. The financial consequences of leakage estimated by the LIV method will be specific to the case study, because the consequences of leakage will vary across case studies due to differences geologic, institutional, and regulatory settings