La guerre sale. Les règles du droit international applicables à l'environnement

Il s'agit d'une étude de la licéité des actions portant atteinte à l'environnement qui ont été perpétrées par les bellgérants durant la guerre du Golfe de 1991, par la mise en lumière des principales règles juridiques applicables en la matière. L'article a également été publié in : Le droit international et la guerre du Golfe, Bruxelles, GRIP, coll. « Notes et documents », n° 152-153, décembre 1990 - janvier 1991, pp. 56-68

Rapports des travaux de la troisième commission de l'Association internationale des Juristes démocrates, XIIIème congrès, session de Barcelone

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"Les questions monétaires devant le tribunal des différends irano-américains"

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Clostridium difficile form a case of chronic periodontitis

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Susceptibility of Gardnerella vaginalis to thiamphenicol: Clinical experience with nonspecific vaginitis

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Entre les lignes: la guerre du Golfe et le droit international

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Nouvel ordre international humanitaire ou droit d'ingérence? l'ONU: mutations et défis -- 2

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Les défis du nouvel ordre mondial

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Infection Stage-Dependent Modulation of Macrophage Activation in Trypanosoma congolense-Resistant and -Susceptible Mice

The contribution of cytokines and chemokines to resistance and susceptibility to African trypanosomiasis remains controversial. In the present study, the levels of type I and type II cytokines and of the MCP-1 chemokine were compared during the early and late stages of Trypanosoma congolense infection in susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, the status of macrophage activation was compared in these animals by analyzing the inducible nitric oxide synthase-arginase balance, tumor necrosis factor secretion, and expression of the FIZZ1 and YM genes. Data show that changing from a predominant type I cytokine environment in the early stage of infection to a predominant type II cytokine environment and an enhanced MCP-1 secretion in the late stage of infection correlates with resistance to T. congolense. Concomitantly, macrophage activation evolves from a classical to a predominant alternative phenotype. We further confirmed that the simultaneous occurrence of type I/type II cytokines in the early stage of infection in susceptible BALB/c mice, reflected by the presence of macrophages exhibiting a mixed classical/alternative activation phenotype, is associated with uncontrolled parasite growth and early death. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 signaling did not influence the susceptibility of BALB/c mice to T. congolense infection and interestingly were not the main trigger to alternative macrophage activation. In T. congolense-resistant C57BL/6 mice, our results corroborated the induction of FIZZ1 and YM gene expressions with the alternative pathway of macrophage activation. In susceptible BALB/c mice, however, YM but not FIZZ1 induction reflected the emergence of alternatively activated macrophages. Hence, the FIZZ1 and YM genes may be useful markers to discriminate between distinct populations of alternatively activated macrophages

A la recherche du nouvel ordre mondial: le droit international à l'épreuve

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