Insertion loss and misalignment tolerance in multimode tapered waveguide bends

Experimental measurements of laterally tapered multimode waveguide bends fabricated photolithographically on FR4 printed circuit board establish that the product of the mean insertion loss (in linear units) and the mean source misalignment tolerance is a constant which depends only on the taper ratio TR (input width/output width) and not on the radius of curvature R. The minimum loss of 0.78 dB occurs in the special case of TR = 0.8, R = 14 mm. Together, these form waveguide layout design rules for board-to-board and chip-to-chip optical interconnects

Acetone in the Atmosphere of Hong Kong, Abundance, Sources and Photochemical Precursors

Intensive field measurements were carried out at a mountain site and an urban site at the foot of the mountain from September to November 2010 in Hong Kong. Acetone was monitored using both canister air samples and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine cartridges. The spatiotemporal patterns of acetone showed no difference between the two sites (p > 0.05), and the mean acetone mixing ratios on O3 episode days were higher than those on non-O3 episode days at both sites (p < 0.05). The source contributions to ambient acetone at both sites were estimated using a receptor model i.e. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). The PMF results showed that vehicular emission and secondary formation made the most important contribution to ambient acetone, followed by the solvent use at both sites. However, the contribution of biogenic emission at the mountain site was significantly higher than that at the urban site, whereas biomass burning made more remarkable contribution at the urban site than that at the mountain site. The mechanism of oxidation formation of acetone was investigated using a photochemical box model. The results indicated that i-butene was the main precursor of secondary acetone at the mountain site, while the oxidation of i-butane was the major source of secondary acetone at the urban site.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineerin

Emission characteristics of CO, NOx, SO2 and indications of biomass burning observed at a rural site in eastern China

Atmospheric O3, CO, SO2, and NO* y (NO* y ≈ NO + NO2 + PAN + organic nitrates + HNO3 + N2O5 + ⋯) were measured in 1999-2000 at a rural/agricultural site in the Yangtze Delta of China. In this paper we analyze the measurement results to show the emission characteristics of the measured gases and to infer relevant emission ratios. Positive correlations were found between CO and NO* y with a slope (Δ[CO]/Δ[NO* y]) of 36 (ppbv/ppbv) for the winter and nighttime measurements. The ratio is considerably larger than that (≈10 ppbv/ppbv) observed in the industrialized countries. The highest CO/NO* y ratio (30-40 ppbv/ppbv) occurred in September-December 1999 and June 2000. The good correlation between CO and the biomass burning tracer CH3Cl and the lack of correlation with the industrial tracer C2Cl4 suggests that the burning of biofuels and crop residues is a major source for the elevated CO and possibly for other trace gases as well. The average SO2 to NO* y ratio was 1.37 ppbv/ppbv, resulting from the use of relatively high-sulfur coals in China. The measured SO2/NO* y and ΔCO/ΔNO* y were compared with the respective ratios from the current emission inventories for the study region, which indicated a comparable SO2/NOx emission ratio but a large discrepancy for CO/NOx. The observed CO to NO* y ratio was more than 3 times the emission ratio derived from the inventories, indicating the need for further improvement of emission estimates for the rural/agricultural regions in China. Additional research will be needed to study the implications of rural emissions to atmospheric chemistry and climate on both regional and global scales.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineerin

Impact of Asian continental outflow on the concentrations of O3, CO, NMHCs and halocarbons on Jeju Island, South Korea during March 2005

As part of ABC-EAREX2005 experiment, numerous trace gases were measured at Gosan on Jeju Island, South Korea in March 2005 to characterize the impact of recent outflow from the Asian continent and to inter-compare measurement techniques used by participating groups. Here we present measurements of O3, CO, and whole air samples of methane, C2-C8 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and C1-C2 halocarbons obtained during the study. The large temporal variations in the measured trace gas concentrations at Gosan were due to the transport of background marine air and of regional pollution mainly from the Chinese subcontinent. Average mixing ratios (± s.d.) were 54.6 (± 9.0) ppbv and 283 (± 100) ppbv for O3 and CO, respectively. CO showed good correlations (r2 = 0.62-0.81) with combustion tracers such as ethyne and benzene but poorly correlated (r2 = 0.11-0.29) with light alkanes, suggesting that the latter were contributed by non-combustion source(s). Back trajectory analysis showed that air masses mainly originated from the North China Plains and northeastern China, which together accounted for 64% of the total trajectories. The highest mean mixing ratios of O3 and combustion-derived species were found in air masses from eastern China and Korea, indicating the significant impact of emissions from these regions. Interestingly, air masses from northeast China contained elevated levels of light alkanes and the smallest ratios of ethyne/propane and benzene/propane among the air-mass groups, suggesting contribution from natural gas leakage in the upwind region, possibly from Siberia. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved