Discovery and Creation: Alternative Theories of Entrepreneurial Action

As oportunidades empreendedoras existem, independentemente, das percepções dos empreendedores, esperando apenas para serem descobertas? Ou, estas oportunidades são criadas pelas ações dos empreendedores? Duas teorias, internamente, consistentes com as oportunidades empreendedoras são: teoria da criação e teoria da descoberta- as quais serão descritas. Enquanto, será sempre possível, descrever a formação de uma oportunidade particular, como exemplo, de um processo da descoberta ou da criação de oportunidade, estas duas teorias têm implicações importantes para a eficácia de uma variedade ampla de ações empreendedoras em contextos diferentes. As implicações destas teorias para sete destas ações serão descritas, acompanhadas de uma discussão sobre algumas das implicações teóricas mais amplas destas duas teorias para os campos do empreendimento e do gerenciamento estratégico

Reasoning Under Uncertainty: Towards Collaborative Interactive Machine Learning

In this paper, we present the current state-of-the-art of decision making (DM) and machine learning (ML) and bridge the two research domains to create an integrated approach of complex problem solving based on human and computational agents. We present a novel classification of ML, emphasizing the human-in-the-loop in interactive ML (iML) and more specific on collaborative interactive ML (ciML), which we understand as a deep integrated version of iML, where humans and algorithms work hand in hand to solve complex problems. Both humans and computers have specific strengths and weaknesses and integrating humans into machine learning processes might be a very efficient way for tackling problems. This approach bears immense research potential for various domains, e.g., in health informatics or in industrial applications. We outline open questions and name future challenges that have to be addressed by the research community to enable the use of collaborative interactive machine learning for problem solving in a large scale

Population fluctuation of Spodoptera frugiperda eggs and natural parasitism by Trichogramma in maize.

This study aimed to evaluate the fluctuation of S. frugiperda eggs and natural parasitism by Trichogramma and identify and quantify parasitoid species in maize fields in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Surveys were carried out in two growing seasons: in 2006/2007 we assessed one growing season (late sowing) in Santa Maria, and in 2007/2008 we assessed two growing seasons (early and late sowing) in Santa Bárbara do Sul. Daily air temperature and rainfall were recorded at both locations. In each evaluation, entire plants were examined for the presence or absence of S. frugiperda egg masses, which were analyzed for larvae hatching or parasitoid emergence. The number of S. frugiperda eggs is higher between 8 and 30 days after plant emergence, decreasing in the later stages of maize growth; the occurrence of parasitoids begins about two days after pest egg occurrence; S. frugiperda egg parasitism is low; and eggs are parasitized by Trichogramma pretiosum and Trichogramma atopovirilia, with marked predominance of the first and possible occurrence of both parasitoid species in the same egg mass

Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana commercial isolate with botanical insecticides utilized in organic crops in southern Brazil

Products based on botanical insecticides and entomopathogenic fungi have been widely used in organic farming, especially in southern Brazil. Thus, this study investigated, in vitro, the effect of aqueous extracts and commercial formulations of plants with insecticidal activity on Beauveria bassiana. The treatments comprised the botanical insecticides Neempro (azadiractin +3-tigloylazadirachtol), at the concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0% (v/v), and DalNeem (neem oil emulsifiable), at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% (v/v) (both commercial formulations of Azadirachta indica (neem)), and the aqueous extracts, at the concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% (w/v), of neem seeds, tobacco powder (Nicotiana tabacum), and catigua leaves (Trichilia clausenii). In potato, dextrose, and agar culture medium, the effects of each product on the mycelial growth and the production and viability of conidia of B. bassiana were estimated. According to the adopted compatibility index, the aqueous extracts of neem seeds and leaves catigua, depending on the concentration used, and the botanical insecticide Neempro, were classified as compatible with the entomopathogen, becoming important alternatives to integrate programmes of integrated pest management, especially in organic farming systems

Effect of temperature on immatures of Stiretrus decastigmus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Abstract Stiretrus decastigmus (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an important predator of the insect pest Microtheca ochroloma Stal (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The present study investigated the pre-imaginal development of S. decastigmus at different temperatures. The temperatures were: 20, 25, and 30 °C, with a relative humidity of 70 ± 10% and a photofase of 12 h, and the nymphs were fed larvae of M. ochroloma. We evaluated the duration and viability of the egg and nymphal stages, the duration of each instar, and the predation potential. The incubation time decreased with increasing temperature, and the viability was highest at 25 °C. The duration of the nymphal stage was inversely proportional to the temperature, ranging from 18 days at 30 °C to 40.6 days at 20 °C. The highest S. decastigmus predation rates were found at 20 °C (90.4 larvae) and 30 °C (72.5 larvae). S. decastigmus showed the highest viability and lowest consumption of larvae of M. ochroloma at 25 °C