TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTOR CONTROLLERS THAT CAN BE USED ON AGRICULTURAL ELECTRIC TRACTORS

The development of electric propulsion systems has become a necessity for existing pollution regulations. This article presents a series of electric motor controllers that can be used on small or medium sized tractors. These controllers are easy to mount on tractors, do not require special mounting or positioning conditions, can be used with different types of electric motors and have a number of optional functions that can be activated depending on the chosen configuration. Controllers are intelligent enough to deal with the power or torque provided to the engine or change the way the engine works, switching it from engine to generator

Genetic diversity in widespread species is not congruent with species richness in alpine plant communities

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) aims at the conservation of all three levels of biodiversity, that is, ecosystems, species and genes. Genetic diversity represents evolutionary potential and is important for ecosystem functioning. Unfortunately, genetic diversity in natural populations is hardly considered in conservation strategies because it is difficult to measure and has been hypothesised to co-vary with species richness. This means that species richness is taken as a surrogate of genetic diversity in conservation planning, though their relationship has not been properly evaluated. We tested whether the genetic and species levels of biodiversity co-vary, using a large-scale and multi-species approach. We chose the high-mountain flora of the Alps and the Carpathians as study systems and demonstrate that species richness and genetic diversity are not correlated. Species richness thus cannot act as a surrogate for genetic diversity. Our results have important consequences for implementing the CBD when designing conservation strategies