Exploring the land-use urban heat island nexus under climate change conditions using machine learning approach: A spatio-temporal analysis of remotely sensed data

Urbanization strongly correlates with land use land cover (LULC) dynamics, which further links to changes in land surface temperature (LST) & urban heat island (UHI) intensity. Each LULC type influences UHI differently with changing climate, therefore knowing this impact & connection is critical. To understand such relations, long temporal studies using remote sensing data play promising role by analysing the trend with continuity over vast area. Therefore, this study is aimed at machine learning centred spatio-temporal analysis of LST and land use indices to identify their intra-urban interaction during 1991–2021 (summer) in Imola city (specifically representing small urban environment) using Landsat-5/8 imageries. It was found that LST in 2021 increased by 38.36% from 1991, whereas average Normalised Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) increased by 43.75%, associating with increased thermal stress area evaluated using ecological evaluation index. Major LULC transformations included green area into agricultural arable-land and built-up. Finally, the modelled output shows that built-up & vegetation index have strongly impacted LST. This study, help to understand the relative impact of land-use dynamics on LST at intra-urban level specifically with respect to the small urban settings. Further assisting in designing and regenerating urban contexts with stable configuration, considering sustainability and liveable climate, for benefit of health of public and fragile population in particular

Developing a 3D City Digital Twin: Enhancing Walkability through a Green Pedestrian Network (GPN) in the City of Imola, Italy

Predominantly, dense historical cities face insufficient pedestrian-level greenery in the urban spaces. The lack of greenery impacts the human thermal comfort on the walking paths, which contributes to a considerable reduction in pedestrian flow rate. This study aims at developing a model to assess pedestrian-level thermal comfort in city environments and then evaluate the feasibility of creating a green pedestrian network (GPN). Imola, as a historical city in Italy with a compact urban pattern, is selected as the case study of this paper. To accomplish this, a three-dimensional digital twin at city scale is developed for the recognition of real-time shade patterns and for designing a GPN in this city. The 3D model of the proposed digital twin is developed in the Rhinoceros platform, and the physiological equivalence temperature (PET) is simulated through EnergyPlus, Honeybee, and Ladybug components in grasshopper. This study provides the city with a digital twin that is capable of examining pedestrian-level thermal comfort for designing a GPN based on real-time PET in the compact urban morphology of Imola. The PET model indicates that during the hottest hour of the 25th of June, pedestrians in open spaces can experience 3  C more than on narrow shaded streets. The results are validated based on in situ datasets that prove the reliability of the developed digital twin for the GPN. It provides urban planners and policy makers with a precise and useful methodology for simulating the effects of pedestrian-level urban greenery on human thermal comfort and also guarantees the functionality of policies in different urban settings

Assessment of construction and demolition waste materials for sublayers of low traffic rural roads

The need for exploiting massive amounts of natural raw materials for constructing pavements of roads as a key element for development of infrastructures in modern age, together with enormous production amounts of wastes related to civil engineering activities as biggest portion of solid waste generated all over the world, have highlighted the importance of utilizing recycled aggregates of these materials in road pavement layers. The key factor in this quest, is to evaluate load-bearing abilities of various kinds of waste aggregates. Aggregates of reclaimed asphalt, pre-stressed or normal concrete, masonry and demolition waste (CDW) exhibit different behavior under loading after compaction. The ideal situation would be to achieve the densest compacted and durable layer in order to get the highest durability, comparing to traditional road materials. In this study, aggregates from four types of recycled materials are being subjected to study for unbound and cemented pavement layers. Initial laboratory evaluations of size and composition are followed by constructing a field on a subgrade with high non-homogenous surface. Vibrating elastic modulus (Evib) for these materials were determined by Continuous Compaction Control (CCC) Oscillating Rollers. It is observed that, despite the weaknesses arisen from weak components such as masonry and elongated tiles, the stabilized distribution of the particle size can accelerate reaching to final compaction of unbound aggregates with roller passing. This process could be repeated with more or less same pattern in cemented layer, which exhibited an enhanced stiffness and uniformity in order to minimize the weak parts of non-uniform subgrade layer, and provide a high rigid pavement

Research model for farm building design: General structure and physiognomic characterization phase

The design of contemporary farm buildings often subordinates architectural quality and aesthetic features to economic aspects, thus leading to poor landscape consistency and compatibility.  The research presented in this paper is based on the theoretical principle that historic rural buildings, being expression of an accumulation of empirical knowledge broadly associated with high architectural quality, have remarkable potentials to contribute with useful elements to the design of contemporary buildings, and on the awareness that the design process is also necessarily and substantially determined by technological, economic and functional variables.  The paper presents the FarmBuiLD model (Farm Building Landscape Design), a research model proposed by the authors as a tool for the analysis of the architectural characteristics of both historical and contemporary rural buildings, as well as the meta-design of new construction and transformation of contemporary rural buildings.  In particular, the work focuses on the general structure of this model and a synthesis of the main results of the critical analysis of the scientific literature aimed at identifying a set of synthetic architectural parameters suitable for its implementation, through the interpretation of the main physiognomical characteristics of rural buildings.  These parameters are not meant as a tool to obtain quantitative data to be translated into design constraints automatically; on the contrary, they are mainly considered as an interpretive-analytical tool, part of a broader knowledge framework aimed at supporting, stimulating and suggesting the design choices.Keywords: Rural building design, historical-typological consistency, landscape compatibility, architectural quality, analytical and meta-design criteria, Italian rural building heritage Citation: Tassinari P, D. Torreggiani, S. Benni, and E. Dall’Ara.  Research model for farm building design: General structure and physiognomic characterization phase.  Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 2010; 12(1): 47-54

Nephroprotection by SGLT2i in CKD Patients: May It Be Modulated by Low-Protein Plant-Based Diets?

Sodium-glucose-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a new class of anti-diabetic drugs that in large trials such as CREDENCE have shown also a reduction of glomerular hyperfiltration and albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients. Hence, the interest toward SGLT2i is focused toward this potential nephroprotective effect, in order to reduce the progression to overt nephropathy, and it seems to be confirmed in the most recent DAPA-CKD trial. This is the reason why the indication for SGLT2i treatment has been extended to chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with eGFR up to 30 ml/min, namely with CKD stage 1–3. In patients with CKD stage 3 to 5, the most recent KDIGO guidelines recommend low-protein diet and plant-based regimens to delay end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and improve quality of life. Similarly to SGLT2i, low-protein diets exert renal-protective effects by reducing single nephron hyperfiltration and urinary protein excretion. Beyond the glomerular hemodynamic effects, both protein restriction and SGLT2i are able to restore autophagy and, through these mechanisms, they may exert protective effects on diabetic kidney disease. In this perspective, it is likely that diet may modulate the effect of SGLT2i in CKD patients. Unfortunately, no data are available on the outcomes of the association of SGLT2i and low-protein and/or vegan diets. It is therefore reasonable to investigate whether CKD patients receiving SGLT2i may have further advantages in terms of nephroprotection from the implementation of a low-protein and/or plant-based diet or whether this association does not result in an additive effect, especially in vascular nephropathies

A comparison of energy and thermal performance of rooftop greenhouses and green roofs in Mediterranean climate: A hygrothermal assessment in WuFi

In urban areas, a considerable proportion of energy demand is allocated to buildings. Since rooftops constitute one-fourth of all urban surfaces, an increasing amount of attention is paid to achieving the most efficient shapes and component designs compatible with every climate and urban context, for rooftops of varying sizes. In this study, three types of rooftop technologies, namely insulated, green roof, and rooftop greenhouse, are evaluated for energy and thermal performance using computer simulations. Water surface exposure, absorption, and intrusion are the three important factors in the calculation of hygrothermal models that impact energy consumption and building envelope performance; however, a few studies are specifically focused on providing realistic results in multi-dimensional hygrothermal models and the assessment of the impact of moisture in roofing solutions. This paper aims at evaluating the performance of three different roofing technologies through a two-dimensional hygrothermal simulation in software WUFI. To accomplish this, a precise localized microclimate model of a complex urban context on the scale of a neighborhood was employed to evaluate the cooling and heating loads of the buildings, the impact of the water content in the green roof on the thermal behavior of the roof surface, and the feasibility of designing a building with nearly zero cooling needs. A two-story building in the city center of Bologna, Italy is modelled. Simulation results have shown that during the cooling period, the performance of the designed rooftop greenhouse is the most effective by 50% reduction in cooling loads. Besides, the impact of moisture in green roofs has been detected as a negative factor for thermal and energy performance of the building in the Mediterranean climate. The results ultimately highlighted the capability of passively-designed rooftop greenhouses to create a building with nearly zero cooling needs

Turning agricultural wastes into biomaterials: Assessing the sustainability of scenarios of circular valorization of corn cob in a life-cycle perspective

Circular economy plays a key role in increasing the sustainability of the agricultural sector, given the countless possibilities of transforming crop residues and recycling precious resources. The maize cultivation process produces a significant amount of residual organic materials, commonly left on the field, as a soil conditioner and source of nutrients even if some parts, such as the cob, play a minor role in these actions. The solutions for the valorization of this remnant depend on economic and environmental factors and the evaluation of the environmental performances of the processes in a life-cycle perspective is important to compare the overall sustainability of the valorization alternatives, maximizing their environmental added value. This work reports the results of Life Cycle Analysis, from cradle-to-gate of corn cob valorized as a raw material in two scenarios: corn cob pellet and corn cob abrasive grits to use as blasting or finishing media. A comparative study has been performed with two products available on the market and with the same functions. The results show that cob-based products have lower impact than those currently used. The work provides indication for evaluating the benefits of turning agricultural wastes in natural-based materials and intends to promote circular economy processes in agriculture production

Behavior and welfare of undocked heavy pigs raised in buildings with different ventilation systems

The present study aimed to evaluate animal welfare of pigs from the same farm, raised with two ventilation systems. The study involved 60 pens of fattening pigs, raised in two buildings: one naturally ventilated (NV) and the other mechanically ventilated (MV). Pigs were assessed on three observation days: at 40 kg (T1), 100 kg (T2), and 160 kg (T3) of live weight. Animal-based measures were used such as qualitative behavioral analysis (QBA), behavioral measures (BMs), and lesion and health measures (LHMs). Housing conditions (HCs) measured at each observation day were the number of pigs per pen, space allowance, temperature, light, and CO2. The association study was performed using a general linear model and analysis of variance. Ventilation effect was analyzed by performing computational fluid dynamics. Results showed that overall pigs raised in the MV were in a more positive affective state. Despite that, with hot temperatures, the higher oc-currence of pig soiling indicated heat stress in pigs and consequent welfare impairment. The higher frequency of pigs showing dog sitting behavior at T2 and T3 suggest welfare worsening in the last phases of fattening. The study concludes that ventilation system influences animal behavior and overall animal welfare, especially during the warmer season

Consecutive episodes of heart and kidney failure in an "otherwise" healthy young man

Background: Acute renal failure is a rare occurrence in a patient with an unremarkable past medical history and should always lead to an in depth clinical study. The occurrence in the same healthy young subject, of consecutive episodes of heart failure and of acute renal failure is an even rarer event and should prompt diagnostic tests and restrict the diagnostic hypotheses. Case presentation: We present the case of a 28 year-old man who, while waiting to undergo assessment for a mild chronic kidney disease, was diagnosed with decompensated dilated cardiomyopathy and placed on diuretics and β-blockers. After few weeks he developed a non oligoanuric acute renal failure with a slight elevation of serum calcium. Renal biopsy proved suggestive for renal sarcoidosis; thus the hypothesis of systemic sarcoidosis with cardiac and renal involvement was possible avoiding further delay in initiation of therapy. Conclusions: Cardiac sarcoidosis is usually silent but the majority of cases are diagnosed when cardiac symptoms are present in a patient with systemic sarcoidosis. Renal involvement with granulomatous interstitial nephritis is also quite rare and can be an unexpected finding at kidney biopsy. This case highlights the need to evaluate thoroughly clinical problems that do not fit in a specific scenario and emphasizes the importance of performing a kidney biopsy in case of kidney failure of unknown etiology

Landscape adaptation to climate change: Local networks, social learning and co-creation processes for adaptive planning

[EN] The development of legitimate, operative, and feasible landscape adaptation planning for climate change is dependent on the specific characteristics of the landscape and its inhabitants. Spatial patterns, culture, gover- nance systems, socio-economic structures, planning methods, history, and collectively envisioned futures need to be accommodated. The literature suggests that landscape is a complex and dynamic socio-ecological system, the management and adaptation of which requires systemic and integrative approaches to respond to a wide variety of drivers of change, challenges, and interests. Based on activities developed in 15 European pilot landscapes, we identify some of the key factors and conditions affecting the generation of representative local networks for landscape adaptation to climate change. We illustrate how social learning and co-creation processes can be implemented in them and how their co-produced outcomes can help local communities overcome barriers and address critical issues in adaptive planning. Our results provide a framework for the creation of similar networks in other landscapes, exploring at the same time the interactions between the composition of networks, social learning, and the quality of the co-produced outputs as a fundamental step for the development of Landscape Adaptation Plans to Climate ChangeThis work was supported by EIT-CLIMATE-KIC [grant number TC_2.1.5_190294_P018-1A, 2019] . The sponsor was not involved in the preparation of the article. We thank all members of the AELCLIC local networks and all participants of the AELCLIC project activities, with special reference to those who kindly answered the final questionnaire.Galan, J.; Galiana, F.; Kotze, DJ.; Lynch, K.; Torreggiani, D.; Pedroli, B. (2023). Landscape adaptation to climate change: Local networks, social learning and co-creation processes for adaptive planning. Global Environmental Change. 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.1026277