Solar X-rays scattered by Venus, Mars and the Moon

Scattering process of solar X rays with photoionization fluorescence by planetary atmosphere

Psycholegal Research: Past and Present

A Review of The Psychology of Eyewitness Testimony by A. Daniel Yarmey, and Eyewitness Testimony by Elizabeth F. Loftus, and Social Psychology in Court by Michael J. Saks and Reid Hastie, and The Criminal Justice System and Its Psychology by Alfred Cohn and Roy Udol

In Quest of Brown\u27s Promise: Social Research and Social Values in School Desegregation

There is perhaps no better setting in which to discuss the role of social research in the courts than that of school desegregation. From its early, rural, southern beginnings in Brown to its present, urban, northern manifestation in the Detroit case of Milliken v. Bradley, empirical evidence has been used in the litigation. In 1954, the Supreme Court declared that [s]eparate educational facilities are inherently unequal and ruled that the separate-but-equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson—which for half a century had legitimated Jim Crow legislation—had no place in the public schools. Eleanor Wolf, Professor of Sociology at Wayne State University, provides a detailed account of this litigation in Trial and Error: The Detroit School Segregation Case. This article reviews the book and uses it as a springboard to examine broader issues concerning the uses and limits of social research in the judicial process. Since judicial reliance on empirical inquiry may vary according to the problems under consideration, these issues cannot be addressed in the abstract. They have to be discussed in the context of a particular substantive problem; hence, the topic chosen here is school desegregation

The Impact of Common Law and Reform Rape Statutes on Prosecution: An Empirical Study

In July 1975, riding the crest of the national reform movement, the Washington State legislature enacted a new rape law that repealed a centenarian, common law-based statute. This article presents the results of an empirical study of the effects of the common law and reform rape statutes on prosecution in King County (Seattle), Washington, and assesses the implications of the findings for the law of rape and for prosecutorial discretion in the charging of rape. To the extent that definitional elements of the new Washington law have parallels in reform statutes of other states, and the statistical profile of the incidence and circumstances of the crime in King County is similar to that found in other jurisdictions, the findings and conclusions of this study have broader significance