THE SOFTWARE FOR AN ‘UNIVERSAL GRAPEVINE DATABASE’

A software for an “universal grapevine database” has been developed to support the activity of characterization of grapevine biodiversity. This database allows a decentralized data management: the registered users have the possibility to submit and to manage his own data at any time. The uploaded data have three different levels of visualisation: private level (the data are visible only to his submitter), middle level (the data are visible to all other submitters), public level (the data are visible to all public users). Only the data approved by a specific scientific committee can be elevated to public level. When a submitter introduces the microsatellite data in the database the application allows a specific standardization procedure based on some specific selected accessions called ‘system accessions’. The main classes of data represented in the database are the ‘grapevine variety’, the ‘ampelographic-ampelometric and phenological-productive descriptors’ (as reported in the second edition of the OIV descriptor list for grape varieties and Vitis species), the ‘microsatellite profile’, the polyphenols and aroma profiles. Several search options have been implemented: a search by variety and other general parameter, a search by ampelographic and ampelometric parameters, a search by microsatellite profile. About microsatellite profile it is also possible a search by range and by a particular standardization procedure. The application has been implemented using the most recent database software and languages, so it is flexible and dynamics especially as concern the addition of other classes of data, like new type of descriptors and molecular markers. The application is on the web at http://www.vitisdb.it and at present it is adopted for the ‘Italian Vitis Database’ managed by the “Vitis Database Working Group”

THE SOFTWARE FOR AN ‘UNIVERSAL GRAPEVINE DATABASE’

A software for an “universal grapevine database” has been developed to support the activity of characterization of grapevine biodiversity. This database allows a decentralized data management: the registered users have the possibility to submit and to manage his own data at any time. The uploaded data have three different levels of visualisation: private level (the data are visible only to his submitter), middle level (the data are visible to all other submitters), public level (the data are visible to all public users). Only the data approved by a specific scientific committee can be elevated to public level. When a submitter introduces the microsatellite data in the database the application allows a specific standardization procedure based on some specific selected accessions called ‘system accessions’. The main classes of data represented in the database are the ‘grapevine variety’, the ‘ampelographic-ampelometric and phenological-productive descriptors’ (as reported in the second edition of the OIV descriptor list for grape varieties and Vitis species), the ‘microsatellite profile’, the polyphenols and aroma profiles. Several search options have been implemented: a search by variety and other general parameter, a search by ampelographic and ampelometric parameters, a search by microsatellite profile. About microsatellite profile it is also possible a search by range and by a particular standardization procedure. The application has been implemented using the most recent database software and languages, so it is flexible and dynamics especially as concern the addition of other classes of data, like new type of descriptors and molecular markers. The application is on the web at http://www.vitisdb.it and at present it is adopted for the ‘Italian Vitis Database’ managed by the “Vitis Database Working Group”

Experimental study of linear and nonlinear regimes of density-driven instabilities induced by CO2 dissolution in water

Density driven instabilities produced by CO2 (gas) dissolution in water containing a color indicator were studied in a Hele Shaw cell. The images were analyzed and instability patterns were characterized by mixing zone temporal evolution, dispersion curves, and the growth rate for different CO2 pressures and different color indicator concentrations. The results obtained from an exhaustive analysis of experimental data show that this system has a different behaviour in the linear regime of the instabilities (when the growth rate has a linear dependence with time), from the nonlinear regime at longer times. At short times using a color indicator to see the evolution of the pattern, the images show that the effects of both the color indicator and CO2 pressure are of the same order of magnitude: The growth rates are similar and the wave numbers are in the same range (0?30 cm-1) when the system is unstable. Although in the linear regime the dynamics is affected similarly by the presence of the indicator and CO2 pressure, in the nonlinear regime, the influence of the latter is clearly more pronounced than the effects of the color indicator.Fil: Outeda, Mabel Noemi. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Física. Grupo de Medios Porosos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: El Hasi, Claudio Daniel. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento. Instituto de Ciencias; ArgentinaFil: D'onofrio, Alejandro Gustavo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Física. Grupo de Medios Porosos; ArgentinaFil: Zalts, Anita. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento. Instituto de Ciencias. Área de Química; Argentin

Research on Planting Density of "Sangiovese" and "Cabernet Sauvignon" Varieties

This research was undertaken to improve knowledge of ‘Sangiovese’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ production behaviour at different planting densities in a vineyard trained to horizontal spur cordon and located on Tuscan coastal area. The trial was conducted during a four year period (1997-2000) in a vineyard set up in 1994, comparing four planting distances (2.8 x 1.2; 2.0 x 1.5; 2.5 x 1.0; 2.0 x 0.75) at a density ranging from a minimum of 2976 to a maximum of 6667 vines/ha. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ was more vigorous, produced smaller clusters, had higher bud fertility, a lower yield and Ravaz index than ‘Sangiovese’. The must of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ had less titratable acidity and higher pH and total soluble solids content than ‘Sangiovese’. In general yield and production of wood per square meter were positively related to the increase in planting density, while pruning wood per linear meter showed an opposite trend. In ‘Sangiovese’ both inter-row and along the row spacing had a marked influence on yield and vegetative performance while in ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ the effect of the spacing along the row seems to be prevailing. The results of this research indicate that in the Tuscan coastal area, planting density had no significant influence on grape quality in both cultivars

The effect of regulated deficit irrigation on growth, yield, and berry quality of grapevines (cv. Sangiovese) grafted on rootstocks with different resistance to water deficit

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of full irrigation (FI), pre-veraison water deficit (RDI 1), or post-veraison water deficit (RDI 2) on growth, yield, and berry quality in container-grown, mature vines of cv. Sangiovese grafted onto either 1103P or SO4 rootstock over two consecutive growing seasons. Deficit irrigation regimes significantly affected vine water status of both rootstocks before and after veraison. Trunk diameter (TD) increment was markedly affected when water was restricted early, but not in the post-veraison period. Deficit irrigation from fruit set to veraison inhibited vegetative growth (TD, canopy volume, and weight of pruned wood) more than that applied from veraison to harvest. Yield was unaffected by either irrigation or rootstock in both years. Irrigation had a marked effect on berry and juice quality: the RDI 1 treatment induced the highest berry anthocyanin concentration, and the lowest titratable acidity (TA), which, instead, increased in the RDI 2 treatment. RDI treatments did not modify berry dry weight, soluble solid content, TA, anthocyanins, and epicarp total phenols in vines on both rootstocks

The Reissner-Nordstr\"om-Tangherlini solution from scattering amplitudes of charged scalars

The metric and the electromagnetic potential generated by a static, spherically symmetric charged massive object in any dimension are given by the Reissner-Nordstr\"om-Tangherlini solution. We derive the expansion of this solution up to third post-Minkowskian order by computing the classical contribution of scattering amplitudes describing the emission of either a graviton or a photon from a massive charged scalar field up to two loops. In four and five dimensions these amplitudes develop ultraviolet divergences that are cancelled by higher-derivative counterterms in a way that generalises what was recently shown to happen in the chargeless case. This renormalisation procedure produces logarithmic terms that match exactly those produced in the post-Minkowskian expansion of the classical solution in de Donder gauge.Comment: 45 pages, 16 figures, typos corrected, version published on JHE

Grapevine performances in five area of Chianti Classico

The research was carried out in the ‘Chianti Classico’ area and it was part of the ‘Chianti Classico 2000’ research project. The performances ‘Sangiovese’ grapevine (clone ‘SSF-A548’) grafted on ‘1103P’ and ‘420A’ rootstocks, were evaluated during a six years period, on five experimental vineyards located in the Province of Florence and Siena. The vineyards were established at a density of 3500 plants per hectare, trained to horizontal spur cordon (m 0.7 from the ground) with 30000 buds per hectare. The main meteorological data were monitored by automatic stations and soil analysis was performed at the beginning of the trials. Vines were planted in a randomized block design with four or five replication according to the vineyard size and uniformity. During six consecutive years on 30 plants from each thesis were carried out the following observations: phenology earliness (budbreak, veraison), bud fertility, bunch weight, and yield and pruning weight per plant, must characteristics of the berries at harvest. Physical and chemical analysis of wines obtained from microvinification (made in 500 L containers), were also performed. The climatic differences resulted among the zones of the ‘Chianti Classico’ examined, had a significant effect on vine phenology also in relationship with altitude, which together to soil characteristics contributed to affect the agronomic behaviour of the three varieties, the must composition and the wine characteristics. Discriminant analysis allowed distinguishing some sites, whose differences can be ascribed to the territorial influence on the vegetative and productive activity of the grapevine, berry ripening and wine composition. Hierarchical influences due to clone ‘SSF-A548’ according to the site and year are presented

Use of beneficial bacteria Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 on grapevine rootstocks grafted with 'Sangiovese'

Azospirillum brasilense Sp245, a well-known PGPR (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria), was examined in order to evaluate the effects on nursery propagation. In addition the aim was to test the ability of the inoculated bacterium to improve the rooting parameters of some rootstocks that do not easily root through conventional techniques. Nine rootstocks were tested in a conventional nursery, while two rootstocks were tested in organic nursery: V. berlandieri × V. riparia 420A, 161-49, 157-11, SO4; V. berlandieri × V. rupestris 140Ru, 775P, 1103P; V. riparia × V. rupestris 101-14, 3309C. The quality of the root system was improved in terms of the number of roots, root architecture and the total biomass of vines produced in the organic nursery, while in the conventional nursery the results depended on the rootstock. The results suggest that further study is needed for a better comprehension of the mode of action and to establish how PGPR could be used for the sustainable production of grapevine plants

A view of the European carbon flux landscape through the lens of the ICOS atmospheric observation network

The ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) network of atmospheric measurement stations produces standardized data on greenhouse gas concentrations at 36 stations in 14 different European countries (November 2022). The network targets a strongly heterogeneous landscape and the placement of instruments on tall towers and mountains make for large influence regions (footprints). The combined footprints for all the individual stations create the &ldquo;lens&rdquo; through which the observing network sees the European flux landscape. In this study, we summarize this view using quantitative metrics of the fluxes seen by individual stations, and by the current and future ICOS network. Results are presented both from a country-level and pan-European perspective, using open-source tools that we make available through the ICOS Carbon Portal. We target anthropogenic emissions from various sectors (e.g., energy production, industrial emissions), as well as the land-cover types found over Europe (e.g., broadleaf forests, croplands) and their spatiotemporally varying fluxes. This recognizes different interests of different ICOS stakeholders. We specifically introduce &ldquo;monitoring potential maps&rdquo;, which quantify the sensitivity of the network with regards to specific properties of each pixel compared to the averages across all pixels, to see which regions have a relative underrepresentation of land-cover, or biospheric fluxes. This potential changes with the introduction of new stations, which we investigate for the planned ICOS expansion with 20 stations over the next few years. The monitoring potential concept is novel and a useful addition to traditional quantitative network design methods. We find that the ICOS network has limited sensitivity to anthropogenic fluxes, as was intended in the current design. Its representation of biospheric fluxes follows the fractional representation of land-cover and is generally well balanced, with exceptions for a country like Norway where the southerly station Birkenes predominantly senses coniferous forest fluxes instead of the more abundant northerly grass &amp; shrublands. Grass &amp; shrubland fluxes are relatively underrepresented in ICOS, with the largest monitoring potential in Scandinavia, Croatia, and Serbia. These easterly countries similarly show a relative underrepresentation of broadleaf forest fluxes, partly due to a lack of monitoring stations, and partly due to the abundant sensitivity to broadleaf forests in the most densely monitored countries such as France and Germany. We stress that this does not imply these latter countries to be fully monitored and of lesser interest for network expansion: for example, inclusion of Schauinsland in the future network expands the network lens to mostly unmonitored mixed- and broadleaf forests which are relatively underrepresented at the national level. Such considerations demonstrate the usefulness of our analyses and can readily be re-produced for any network configuration within Europe with tools offered through the Carbon Portal.</p

Two main distinct evolutionary stories describe the Italian grapevine assortment

A dataset of high-quality 7k SNP profiles of 1,038 unique Eurasian grapevine varieties was used to infer the most likely grapevine migration events, a spatial ancestry estimation, and a model about the origin of Eurasian grapevine germplasm. The comparison of putative gene flow scenarios from Caucasus throughout Europe aided to fit the more reliable spreading routes around the Mediterranean Basin. The same dataset was also used to assess the population genetic diversity, structure, and relatedness of Italian varieties. These data suggested a different history between Northern and Southern Italian grapevines, appearing clearly split into two different clusters. Interestingly, the Italian genotypes were shown to be distinguishable from all the other Eurasian populations for the first time. The same SNP panel was used to determine parental relationships, identifying the main parents of traditional Italian and closely related cultivars. The parentage network suggested that Italian germplasm largely originated from a few key parents distributed into several geographical areas of genetic influence, with more or less large overlaps. These key cultivars are ‘Bombino bianco’, ‘Garganega’/‘Grecanico’, ‘Mantonico bianco’, ‘Orsolina’/‘Coccalona nera’, ‘Muscat à petits grains blanc’, ‘Malvasia odorosissima’, ‘Sangiovese’, ‘Sciaccarello’, ‘Visparola’ and ‘Vulpea’. The pedigree reconstruction by fullsib and second-degree relationships highlighted the pivotal role of some cultivars, such as ‘Visparola’, until now scarcely known. A hypothetic migration of this variety from Southern to Northern Italy along the Eastern side, as well as ‘Sangiovese’ migration from Southern to Central Italy along the Western side might be supposed. Moreover, ‘Muscat à petits grains blanc’, mainly through its offspring ‘Malvasia odorosissima’, furnished a consistent contribution to the development of many aromatic grapes grown in the Northern-Western part of the Italian Peninsula. These results represent the most complete study of grapevine Italian population genetics that has been carried out until now on the Italian germplasm