Cytochrome P450 mRNA expressions along with in vitro differentiation of hepatocyte precursor cells from fetal, young and old rats.

Non-differentiated cells are attractive targets for cell therapy. During liver regeneration oval cells intensively proliferate and differentiate extending their metabolic activity. Hepatic cytochromes P450 (CYPs) can be linked either with metabolic activation of toxic compounds or drug metabolism. We investigated the differentiation and biotransformative potential of non-differentiated cells in primary cell cultures isolated from livers of fetuses (16-days-old), young (4-months-old) and old (20-months-old) rats. Under the conditions of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis, adult rats were fed for three weeks with CDE diet. Liver cells were cultured and precursor cells were differentiated to hepatocytes following induction with sodium butyrate (SB) or dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in culture on MesenCult medium. We identified a number of cells expressing Thy-1, CD34, alpha-fetoprotein, cytokeratines--CK18 or CK19 and glutathione transferases--GSTpi or GSTalpha. In vitro differentiation of these cells, isolated from CDE-treated rats begun earlier as compared to non-treated ones. Age-dependent changes in the cell differentiation sequence, as well as CYPmRNA expression sequence accompanying precursor cells differentiation, were also observed. mRNA expression of CYP1A2, CYP2B1/2 and CYP3A1 was higher in the cells of young rats, but in the case of CYP2E1--in the cells of old rats. It was concluded that both proliferation and differentiation potential of oval cells, decreased with age

Electric scooters a growing public health problem

Electric scooters have recently become the most popular means of transport chosen to move around urban agglomerations. It is estimated that by the end of 2024, the number of scooters on the roads around the world will increase by about 600% compared to 2019. Easy access to rental and low purchase price significantly convince many people around the world to use this form of transport. This review article aims to show what a serious health risk a scooter can be. The issue of the most common injuries related to the use of this type of vehicle was also discussed. The growing popularity of electric vehicles brings with it the possibility of recording more and more cases of injuries related to electric scooters. Numerous violations of road rules and riding a scooter under the influence of alcohol, in most cases without protective clothing, significantly contribute to the formation of high-energy injuries in victims

Vaccination against HPV (Human Papilloma virus) for women - why is it still recommended and not obligatory in Poland?

The most common sexually transmitted viral infection in the world is human papillomavirus (HPV). More than 100 types of HPV, both cutaneous and mucosal, have been characterized. Some HPV genotypes are the cause of cancer, which emphasizes the importance of infection prevention, including the use of vaccination against human papilloma virus.The following work aims to emphasize the role of vaccination in the prevention of HPV infection, discuss the transmission routes of this pathogen as well as diagnostics and treatment methods

Depression and anxiety - inseparable companions of a student? - prevalence of mental disorders in the academic environment, factors predisposing to their occurrence, treatment, forms of assistance

The studies have a bad reputation for being a demanding and difficult experience for a young person. Studies are a time that presents young adults with many challenges and induces the necessity of numerous sacrifices, as well as provides a huge dose of everyday stress. Taking into account the current pace of life, to which man as a species is not evolutionarily adapted, juxtaposed with everyday extreme stressors, the question arises - what are the consequences and costs of a young man in response to such a lifestyle. What mental health problems can arise from experiencing long-term stress? The aim of this work is to summarize and collect available information on the prevalence, factors predisposing to the occurrence and forms of help and treatment of depression, and to list the most popular mental disorders in the group of students

Selenium and the impact of its supplementation on subclinical hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a common disease, very often associated with an autoimmune reaction of the body leading to lymphocytic infiltration within the thyroid gland, i.e. Hashimoto's disease. In the classification of disease entities involving the functioning of the thyroid gland, subclinical hypothyroidism can also be distinguished - a condition in which peripheral thyroid hormone concentrations are within normal limits, but as a result of the inhibition of negative feedback loops, the TSH value increases. The subject of this paper is the consideration of the potential impact of selenium supplementation - an element included in bioactivators associated with the thyroid gland, responsible, among others, for the production of an active form of thyroid hormones, for the possibility of achieving euthyroidism in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, using only rational selenium supplementation, without the use of exogenous thyroid hormones

Acute hepatic porphyria - classification, diagnosis and treatment

Porphyrias belong to the group of inherited metabolic diseases. Each of the four types of acute hepatic porphyria is caused by a different mutation in the gene of an enzyme involved in the heme biosynthetic pathway. The literature distinguishes between: Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP), Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP), Variegate Porphyria (VP) and Aminolevulinic Dehydratic ADP (ADP) deficiency. -deficient Porphyria). Deficiency of individual enzymes leads to ineffective heme production and accumulation of neurotoxic intermediates - the so-called porphyrins. Two excess metabolites are of major importance in diagnostics - ALA (amionolevulinic acid) and PBG (porphobilinogen). In most cases, the activity of the less functional enzyme is so high that the disease never becomes apparent (latent form). Excessive accumulation of porphyrin precursors is associated with exposure to porphyrinogenic factors, leading to a seizure whose symptoms are closely related to autonomic, peripheral neuropathy, and accompanying neuropsychiatric disorders. In diagnostics, particular attention should be paid to the circumstances of the symptoms and the history of the patient's disease, which often includes numerous episodes of unexplained abdominal pain, which was so severe that it forced the patient to report to emergency departments. A severe attack of porphyria is a medical emergency and requires hospitalization. Failure to diagnose or properly treat it may result in flaccid tetraplegia, respiratory failure, brain edema, coma, and sudden circulation detention

Changes in the subcellular and tissue location of estrogen and progesterone receptors in rat uterus after long-term treatment with analogs of gonadoliberin

Objectives: Certain therapies with the use of analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH, gonadoliberin) aim at achieving the effect of desensitization of the pituitary gland that causes inhibition of the hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal axis. The resulting hormonal changes may influence the location and expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors, as well as their endogenous functions. The aim: The aim of the study was to investigate whether long-term administration of low doses of dalarelin (GnRH agonist) and cetrorelix (GnRH antagonist) affected subcellular and tissue-specific location of ERα and ERβ estrogen receptors and progesterone receptor (PR) in rat uterus, as well as explore the extent to which the changes were reversible. Material and methods: Analogs were administered to SPD adult females in the course of 3 months, at a dose of 6 μg/kg b.w. Afterwards, the ovaries and the uterus were resected – in the course of 4 weeks after treatment completion. Tissue paraffin-embedded samples were stained with hematoxyline-eosin for morphological studies or incubated with specific antibodies for the immunohistochemical studies (ABC method). Results: GnRH analogs induced desensitization, resulting in specific and relatively persistent histological changes in the ovaries and the uterus. Strong nuclear reaction for ERα in the lining and the glandular epithelial cells in dalarelintreated rats, and lack of expression changes in cetrorelix-treated rats, were observed in the uterus. Epithelial ERα expressions were accompanied by diminished ERβ and elevated PR expression, as well as diminished ERα andERβ expression, and unchanged PR expression in the stromal and muscle cells, in both dalarelin- and cetrorelixtreatedrats. The majority of the changes were reversible after treatment discontinuation. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to low doses of GnRH analogs causes morphological changes in the uterine tissues, accompanied by reversible changes of the ERα, ERβ and PR expression, possibly influencing tissue sensitivity. These changes indicate that agonist and antagonist regulate ERα expression by means of different mechanisms. A functional interaction between the receptors, depending on ERβ expression, direct influence of analogs on the local hormonal axes, and dose-dependent effects, cannot be excluded. After discontinuation of the analog treatment, the time needed for stabilization of ER and PR expression is shorter than the period of time required to restore histological structure of the uterus

What impact do the current anti-vaccine movementsand the Covid-19 pandemic have on the vaccination coverage of Poles? Statistical analysis of epidemiological data on the level of vaccination of Poles in the years 2001-2020

Vaccine-preventable diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. As new vaccines prove effective and the incidence of some infections decreases, vaccination practices are changing. Therefore, every year in Poland, the need for preventive vaccination on given pathogenic entities in the population is verified and analyzed. Every year, the Chief Sanitary Inspector  issues a communication pursuant to Article 17(11) of the Act of 5 December 2008 on preventing and combating infections and infectious diseases in humans (Journal of Laws of 2020, item 1845, as amended(1)) and announces the Preventive Vaccination Program for a given calendar year. The communication contains mandatory and recommended vaccinations, rules for carrying out vaccinations and general information on this principle of carrying out and organizing vaccination. Most vaccine-preventable diseases still carry a significant risk of recurrence and epidemics  in the coming years

A brand new medical condition - 6 years old patient with neurological symptoms diagnosed with PIMS-TS (Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome – Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2) - case report

Children's multi-system inflammatory syndrome PIMS-TS is a completely new challenge for pediatricians, which has established a separate branch of the fight against the still active COVID-19 pandemic. It turns out that even a pediatric patient who has not suffered symptomatic infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as a result of contact with this pathogen, can develop a severe systemic inflammatory reaction rich in symptoms originating in almost every system of the human body. The first reports of the inflammatory syndrome that is the subject of this work come from May 2020. It is known that the symptoms of PIMS are caused by a multi-system inflammatory response in the body, potentially related to the immune system. The course of this disease may bring to mind other inflammatory diseases in children, such as Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome and MAS macrophage activation syndrome

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on suicide attacks among children and adolescents comparison of statistics from 2013-2021. Prophylaxis of suicidal behavior among children and adolescents

According to statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), 800,000 people a year die for themselves worldwide. Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among adolescents in many countries. Research conducted by organizations such as WHO or IASP (International Association for Suicide Prevention) and, according to the data of the Polish Police Headquarters, show that there is an upward trend in suicide behavior worldwide. The social factors of suicidal behavior include the issues of: isolation and social support, suicides in agricultural regions, ties to war, ties with religion, suicides in prisons or the impact of unemployment on suicides. Personal factors include individual susceptibility to suicidal behavior: the feeling of hopelessness, memory distortion and other factors that compose the psychological approach as a whole. Taking into account the Covid-19 pandemic that has prevailed for 2 years and the war taking place just outside our country, in Poland in 2020 and 2021 a significant increase in suicidal behavior among children and adolescents was noticed. Nevertheless, Poles are still not aware of the problem of suicidal behavior in the country, if only because there are still few social campaigns that consciously and appropriately address this problem. Suicide is still a socially embarrassing problem, and the preparation of a wider-ranging initiative on this issue requires not only financial outlays, but also detailed substantive studies