Nutritional enrichment of bread with whey powder and calcium carbonate

Calcium is an essential nutrient required for numerous biological functions. Its deficiency may contribute to the emergence of several chronic diseases. In this study the goal was to obtain a new formulation of bread enriched with whey powder and calcium carbonate, whose concentration is able to classify the product as a food rich in calcium. Were first prepared loaf bread with 7.5% whey powder and different concentrations of calcium carbonate (0.63%, 1.13%, 1.75%, 2.38% and 3.00%). The products obtained had their microbiological, physicochemical and sensory evaluation. Tests were conducted sensory acceptance and purchase intent with the five formulations prepared. The concentration of calcium at all concentrations produced was determined. The chemical composition of the final product was determined on the basis of physico-chemical and sensory. A test of consumer acceptance and attitudes was conducted with groups of different life stages. The microbiological characteristics of whey powder and sliced bread were in accordance with the standards established in legislation. As for the physical and chemical characteristics of bread, there was an increase in pH and acidity decrease with the the high concentration of calcium carbonate, which hampered slightly reduced specific volume at a concentration above 2.38%. The five formulations were developed well accepted and did not differ between groups (p> 0.05), the intention to purchase the formulations with a concentration 0.63%, 1.13% and 2.38% calcium carbonate had an average ≥ a 4.0, however, there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between formulations. Among the concentrations produced only 0.63% of calcium carbonate was not classified as food rich in calcium. The concentration of 2.38% calcium carbonate was selected as a final product based on the results of physico-chemical and sensory tests, reaching 78% of the RDA for adults. The sensory tests with groups of different stages of life showed that the enrichment of sliced bread with whey powder and calcium carbonate is accepted by the population as well as commercially viable in view of the consumer attitude shown by them.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESO cálcio é um nutriente essencial necessário em diversas funções biológicas. Sua deficiência pode contribuir para o surgimento de várias doenças crônicas. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi obter uma nova formulação de pão de forma enriquecido com soro de leite em pó e carbonato de cálcio, cuja concentração permita classificar o produto como alimento rico em cálcio. Primeiramente foram elaborados pães de forma com 7,5% de soro de leite em pó e diferentes concentrações de carbonato de cálcio (0,63%, 1,13%, 1,75%, 2,38% e 3,00%). Os produtos obtidos tiveram suas características microbiológicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais avaliadas. Foram determinados o Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e fecais (NMP/mL) e pesquisa de Salmonella, pH, acidez, volume específico e umidade. Na avaliação sensorial realizaram-se testes sensoriais de aceitação e intenção de compra com as cinco formulações elaboradas. A concentração de cálcio em todas as concentrações elaboradas foi determinada. A composição química do produto final foi determinada, com base nos testes físico-químicos e sensoriais. Um teste de aceitação e atitude de consumo foi realizado com grupos de diferentes estágios de vida. As características microbiológicas do soro de leite em pó e dos pães de forma estavam de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos na legislação. Quanto às características físico-químicas dos pães, foi observado um aumento no pH e diminuição da acidez com o a elevação da concentração de carbonato de cálcio, o que prejudicou ligeiramente redução do volume específico na concentração acima de 2,38%. As cinco formulações elaboradas tiveram boa aceitação não diferindo entre si (p>0,05), quanto à intenção de compra as formulações com concentração 0,63%, 1,13% e 2,38% de carbonato de cálcio tiveram médias ≥ a 4,0, no entanto, não foi verificada diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre as formulações. Dentre as concentrações elaboradas apenas a 0,63% de carbonato de cálcio não foi classificada como alimento rico em cálcio. A concentração 2,38% de carbonato de cálcio foi selecionada como produto final com base nos resultados da avaliação físico-química e dos testes sensoriais, alcançando 78% da IDR de adultos. Os testes sensoriais com grupos de diferentes estágios de vida mostraram que o enriquecimento de pães de forma com soro de leite em pó e carbonato de cálcio é aceito pela população, bem como viável comercialmente, tendo em vista a atitude de consumo por eles demonstrada

Estado nutricional bioquímico de vitamina A de parturientes atendidas na cidade de Natal-RN

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o estado de vitamina A de puérperas atendidas durante o parto na cidade de Natal/RN. Foram recrutadas no estudo 793 mulheres, 60.1% (n=485) da rede pública e 39.0% (n=310) a rede privada. Amostras de soro (n=619) e leite colostro (n=656) foram coletadas em ambiente hospitalar, após jejum noturno. O leite maduro (n=154) foi coletado trinta dias após o parto, em visita domiciliar. Os indicadores bioquímicos (retinol no soro e leite materno) foram avaliados por local de moradia (capital vs interior) e por rede de atendimento em saúde (público vs privado). O consumo de vitamina A foi avaliado referente ao último trimestre gestacional. Para avaliar as diferentes formas de suplementação materna com vitamina A e suas associações com os indicadores bioquímicos (soro e leite materno) formaram-se subgrupos baseados nas suplementações que ocorreram durante a gestação: GC, F1, F2, F3 e no pós-parto: GM. O retinol das amostras foi quantificado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Para o total de mulheres, a concentração média de retinol sérico foi de 41.8 ± 12.9μg/dL e a prevalência da DVA foi de 5.3% (n= 33) com retinol (<20 µg/dL), com diferença significativa entre o retinol sérico das mulheres provenientes da capital e do interior (p<0,01). Em Natal, as prevalências de deficiência encontradas nas regiões norte, sul, leste e oeste foram respectivamente: 4.3% (n=6), 5.6% (n=7), 2.9% (n=3) e 11.9% (n=8). A média de retinol no colostro no grupo total foi de 95,3+ 53.7µg/dL, entretanto 27.3% (n=179) apresentaram valores inadequados (<60 µg/dL). Os valores médios estimados de retinol fornecido aos recém-nascidos através do colostro, não atingiram a recomendação mínima de 400µg/RAE/dia da AI (Adequate Intake) para recém-nascidos, considerando a ingestão de 396mL/dia. Houve diferença significativa entre o retinol no colostro das mulheres da capital e aquelas provenientes do interior (p<0.01). Ambos os grupos não forneceram a AI de vitamina A para o recém-nascido e também o mesmo foi observado com as lactantes das regiões norte e oeste da cidade de Natal. No leite maduro, nenhum dos grupos de mulheres das diferentes regiões atingiu a recomendação, considerando a ingestão de 780mL/dia pelos recém-nascidos. Ao avaliar as puérperas separadamente por rede de atendimento em saúde (público vs privado) foi encontrada diferença significativa entre o retinol sérico e retinol no colostro (p<0.0001), mas não houve diferença para o leite maduro (p>0.05). Na estimativa do fornecimento de retinol através do colostro e leite maduro, as mulheres da rede pública não forneceram vitamina A dentro da recomendação mínima para o recém-nascido (AI=400µg/RAE/dia), ao contrário das mulheres da rede privada, que forneceram. O consumo dietético médio total de vitamina A das parturientes foi de 987.1 + 674.4 µgRAE/dia, sendo 872.2 + 639.2 µgRAE/dia na da rede pública e 1169.2 + 695.2 µgRAE/dia na rede privada, com diferença altamente significativa (p<0,00001). Na avaliação individual, 38.4% (n=100) e 17.3% (n=28) das mulheres das redes pública e privada tinham ingestão abaixo da ideal. Ao se estudar as diferentes formas de suplementação com vitamina A, não foram encontrados casos de DVA nos grupos suplementados com F1, F2 e F3. Ao se analisar o efeito da suplementação sobre o retinol do colostro, o grupo F2 (betacaroteno) apresentou mais casos de inadequação (40%). Os grupos F2 e GM não forneceram a quantidade de retinol mínima recomendada pela AI aos recém-nascidos. No retinol do leite maduro não houve diferença entre os grupos GC, F1, F2, F3 e GM e com percentuais de inadequação mais baixos no GM (14.3%) e os grupos GC e F2 não forneceram a quantidade de retinol mínima recomendada pela AI para os recém-nascidos. Concluiu-se que a prevalência de DVA entre as puérperas atendidas em Natal foi considerada um problema "leve" de saúde pública na população em geral. Os grupos de alto risco neste estudo viviam em cidades do interior, eram atendidos na rede pública de saúde e não tomavam vitamina A, como o suplemento regular durante a gestação.This study aimed to evaluate the vitamin A status of women who delivered in Natal/RN. A total of 795 women were enrolled in the study. Serum (n=619) and colostrum (n=656) samples were collected in the hospital after an overnight fast. Mature milk samples (n=15) were collected at the women’s house thirty days after delivery. Biochemical indicators were evaluated according to home location (capital city vs. country towns) and type of health care system (public vs. private). Vitamin A intake was assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) corresponding to the last trimester of pregnancy. In order to evaluate the different forms of maternal supplementation with vitamin A and their associations with biochemical markers (maternal serum and breast milk), subgroups were formed based on the type of supplementation that occurred during pregnancy: GC, F1, F2, F3 and postpartum: GM. Retinol concentrations in the biological samples were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For the total sample, the mean serum retinol concentration was 41.8 ±12.9μg/dL and the prevalence of VAD was 5.3% (n=33) of women presenting retinol concentrations (<20 μg/dL), evidencing a significant difference in serum retinol concentrations between women from the capital city and from the countryside (p <0.01). In Natal, the prevalence of disability found in the north, south, east and west were, respectively, 4.3% (n= 6), 5.6% (n= 7), 2.9% (n= 3) and 11.9% (n= 8). The overall mean retinol concentration in colostrum was 95.3 ± 53.7μg/dL; however, 27.3% (n=179) of women presented inadequate values (<60 μg/dL). The average estimated amounts of retinol provided to newborns through colostrum did not meet the minimum recommendation of 400 μg/RAE/day of AI (Adequate Intake) for newborns in both groups, considering the intake of 396mL/day. It was found a significant difference in colostrum retinol concentrations between women from the capital city and from the countryside (p<0.01). In Natal, colostrum milk of women from the northern and western regions did not meet the AI. For mature milk, none of the groups from the different regions met the recommendation, considering the intake of 780mL/day. Evaluating the sample separately by childbirth care system (public vs. private), it was found a significant difference in serum and colostrum retinol concentrations between the groups (p <0.0001); there was no difference for the mature milk (p>0.05). Estimating the retinol supply through colostrum and mature milk, women attending the public health system did not provide the minimum vitamin A amount recommended for newborns (AI= 400μg/RAE/day), unlike women's private network, which provided. The average total dietary vitamin A intake of pregnant women was 987.1 ± 674.4 μgRAE/day, was 872.2 + 639.2 μgRAE/day for women attending the public health system and 1169.2 + 695.2 μgRAE/day for those attending the private system, evidencing a highly significant difference (p<0.001). Individually assessing the participants, 38.4% (n=100) e 17.3% (n=28) of women in the public and private systems had vitamin A intakes below the ideal. There was no difference in serum retinol concentrations between the CG, F1, F2, F3 and MG groups (p<0.05), although only the supplemented groups F1, F2 and F3 had no cases of VAD. Regarding colostrum retinol levels, the F2 group (beta-carotene) presented the highest number of inadequate cases (40%). The F2 and MG groups did not provide the minimum amount of retinol recommended by AI for newborns. Regarding retinol concentrations in mature milk, there was no difference between the CG, F1, F2, F3 and MG groups, and the MG group presented the lowest percentage of inadequacy (14.3%), while the CG and F2 groups did not provide the minimum amount of retinol recommended by the AI for infants. It was concluded that the prevalence of VAD among mothers who delivered in Natal was considered a “mild” public health problem in the overall population. High-risk groups in this study lived in towns, were attended in the public health system and did not take vitamin A as regular supplement during pregnancy

Alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol concentration in vegetable oils

Vegetable oils are the richest dietary sources of vitamin E. Vitamin E determination levels in foods are of great importance to adjust the ingestion of nutrients by the population. The purpose of this paper is to determine the concentration of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in vegetable oils and compare the alpha-tocopherol value to the nutritional requirement of vitamin E. The analysis was performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The values expressed as mg/kg for alpha and gamma-tocopherol were, respectively, 120.3±4.2 and 122.0±7.9 in canola oil; 432.3±86.6 and 92.3±9.5 in sunflower oil; 173.0±82.3 and 259.7±43.8 in corn oil; 71.3±6.4 and 273.3±11.1 in soybean oil. A significant difference was encountered between the alpha-tocopherol concentrations in vegetable oils. Similar results were found for gamma-tocopherol, except for corn and soybean oils. It was concluded that the soybean oil was not considered a source of vitamin E. The canola and corn oils were considered sources, and the sunflower oil was considered an excellent source

Vitamin A nutritional status in high‐ and low‐income postpartum women and its effect on colostrum and the requirements of the term newborn

Objective: To evaluate the vitamin A status in serum and colostrum of postpartum women with different socioeconomic status, comparing the colostrum retinol supply with the vitamin A requirement of the newborn. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with 424 postpartum women. Vitamin A maternal dietary intake was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. Colostrum and serum retinol levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Serum retinol concentrations <20 μg/dL were indicative of vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Vitamin A levels provided by colostrum <400 μgRAE/day were considered as insufficient for term newborns. Results: The mean maternal vitamin A intake during pregnancy was 872.2 ± 639.2 μgRAE/day in low-income women and 1169.2 ± 695.2 μgRAE/day for high-income women (p < 0.005). The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 6.9% (n = 18) in the low-income group and 3.7% (n = 6) in the high-income group. The estimated mean retinol intake by infants of the high- and low-income mothers were 343.3 μgRAE/day (85.8% AI) and 427.2 μgRAE/day (106.8% AI), respectively. Conclusions: Serum vitamin A deficiency was considered a mild public health problem in both populations; however, newborns of low‐income women were more likely to receive lower retinol levels through colostrum when compared with newborns of high‐income mothers

Vitamin A nutritional status in high- and low-income postpartum women and its effect on colostrum and the requirements of the term newborn,

Abstract Objective To evaluate the vitamin A status in serum and colostrum of postpartum women with different socioeconomic status, comparing the colostrum retinol supply with the vitamin A requirement of the newborn. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted with 424 postpartum women. Vitamin A maternal dietary intake was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. Colostrum and serum retinol levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Serum retinol concentrations <20 µg/dL were indicative of vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Vitamin A levels provided by colostrum <400 µgRAE/day were considered as insufficient for term newborns. Results The mean maternal vitamin A intake during pregnancy was 872.2 ± 639.2 µgRAE/day in low-income women and 1169.2 ± 695.2 µgRAE/day for high-income women (p < 0.005). The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 6.9% (n = 18) in the low-income group and 3.7% (n = 6) in the high-income group. The estimated mean retinol intake by infants of the high- and low-income mothers were 343.3 µgRAE/day (85.8% AI) and 427.2 µgRAE/day (106.8% AI), respectively. Conclusions Serum vitamin A deficiency was considered a mild public health problem in both populations; however, newborns of low-income women were more likely to receive lower retinol levels through colostrum when compared with newborns of high-income mothers