ROMANIAN ELECTRONIC SYSTEM OF INTERBANK PAYMENTS IN THE BACKGROUND OF CREATING THE SINGLE EURO PAYMENTS AREA

Along with financial markets growth, the amplitude of settlements through payment systems has continuously increased. At the same time, it is necessary to be correlated with the need of streamline of noncash payments and with clients’ demands to transfer sure, efficient and low-cost amounts of money. This action determined passing over to the electronic payment system functioning in real time. In this respect, we aim at drawing up a concise presentation of the electronic payment system in our country combined with assessments of this system aligned to the European Union’s from the point of view of functionalities as well as respecting European and international standards and practices in the field.interbank payments, electronic system, TARGET, Euro system, Single Market, real time payments, efficiency

Can Insurance Companies Control their financial stability? Practical Solutions

Taking into account the actual economic situation of the world with numerous financial crisis, the insurance companies should control their financial stability in order to avoid the insolvency or even bankruptcy state. Thus, the insurers should find the adequate methods of substantiating the premium installments, the adequate ways of attracting insurances in order to achieve the right structure of the portfolio and the desired level of financial stability within the company. The present paper proposes mathematical calculation, through which different solution may be given in order to optimize insurance portfolio, determining thus its adequate structure to a certain level of stability planned by the company. The result of elaborated studies and analysis represents an useful instrument for the insured persons, being able to choose the right type of insurance, resting on its comparisons, analysis and conclusions, and for the insurance companies, being meant to improve their subscription and investment activity, as well as the financial stability. The mathematical calculation shown within this paper may be applied in practice and improved.insurance; financial stability; optimize subscription portfolio; mathematical calculation

Can Insurance Companies Control their Financial Stability? Practical Solutions

Taking into account the actual economic situation of the world with numerous financial crisis, the insurance companies should control their financial stability in order to avoid the insolvency or even bankruptcy state. Thus, the insurers should find the adequate methods of substantiating the premium installments, the adequate ways of attracting insurances in order to achieve the right structure of the portfolio and the desired level of financial stability within the company. The present paper proposes mathematical calculation, through which different solution may be given in order to optimize insurance portfolio, determining thus its adequate structure to a certain level of stability planned by the company. The result of elaborated studies and analysis represents an useful instrument for the insured persons, being able to choose the right type of insurance, resting on its comparisons, analysis and conclusions, and for the insurance companies, being meant to improve their subscription and investment activity, as well as the financial stability. The mathematical calculation shown within this paper may be applied in practice and improved.insurance; financial stability; optimize subscription portfolio; mathematical calculation

Modelling Techniques for Life Premium Ratings

The paper presents the modelling techniques used on international practice for establishing life premiums quota. Thus, the calculus techniques used by the insurers are generally based on a series of indicators named mortality indicators which mainly point out the insured persons’ survival probability, the death probability and life expectancy at certain age. In Romania, these indicators are settled by National Institute of Statistics and they represent the basis for the calculation of the premiums quotes and for the elaboration by the insurers of premium tables. The benefit for the policyholder is to obtain insurance at a fair and competitive price and for the insurer, to maintain the experience of its portfolio in line with mortality assumptions.premium ratings, life insurance, modeling techniques, mortality indicators.

Banc assurance - banking and insurance complement. Romanian results on the international background

The entering of the banking institutions on the insurance market can be seen as an effort of modernizing the sector of financial services, for satisfying the diversifying needs of the consumers. Asserted as a new strategic orientation for financial institutions related to their customers, the concept of banc assurance differs considerable from one country to another, especially regarding the way in which the banks and the insurance companies use each other’s distribution channels.banc assurance; partnership; market’s overview; channels distribution

Is there any correlation between the economic growth and budget expenditure allocated to education? Case study Romania

As it is shown in the specialty literature, there is a series of empirical studies which aim at capturing the effects of public expenditure on the economic growth. To the empirical level, one may notice a reverse correlation between the economic growth and public expenditure, which is clearly explained by the omission of the structure of public expenditure within the analysis of its effects. Considering these aspects, our paper tries to reveal the applicability of the explanatory variable as educational expenditure. Thus, the paper empirically examines the correlation between the budget expenditure allocated to education and the economic growth in Romania, using Matlab to test statistical correlations between the variables submitted to this study.economic growth, budget expenditure, education

Risk insolvability management through optimizing insurance portfolio - mathematical calculations

Taking into account the actual economic situation of the world with numerous financial crisis, the insurance companies should control their financial stability in order to avoid the insolvency or even bankruptcy state. Thus, the insurers should find the adequate methods of substantiating the premium installments, the adequate ways of attracting insurances in order to achieve the right structure of the portfolio and the desired level of financial stability within the company. The present paper proposes mathematical calculation, through which different solution may be given in order to optimize insurance portfolio, determining thus its adequate structure to a certain level of stability planned by the company. The result of elaborated studies and analysis represents an useful instrument for the insured persons, being able to choose the right type of insurance, resting on its comparisons, analysis and conclusions, and for the insurance companies, being meant to improve their subscription and investment activity, as well as the financial stability. The mathematical calculation shown within this paper may be applied in practice and improved.solvency, insurance portfolio, financial stability, mathematical calculation

FLUCTUATION IN PENSION FUND ASSETS PRIVATELY MANAGED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN FACTORS. STATISTICAL STUDY IN ROMANIA

On international level, the economic and financial crisis has determined a diminution of the asset value of compulsory pension funds, reflecting a reallocation of funds towards alternative or low-risk investments. The present paper indicates how the net asset value of privately managed pension funds in Romania may be affected or not by certain influence factors in direct correlation with different asset allocation strategies of pension funds. In this way, on literature review there are many studies which have analyzed the fluctuation of pension funds assets and a better reallocation of their investment in order to improve their efficiency. The experience of the value fluctuation of privately administered pension fund net assets is highly important, firstly beacause of its effects on the increase and the decrease of invested values for the insured personsâ€(tm) accounts, under the circumstances of constantly maintaining their contributions and, implicitly, the results achieved through these investments. The research methodology consists in testing of five variables: currency exchange rate, credit interest rate, bank deposit interest rate, reference interest rate and value of the stock exchange market index (BET-C index), by means of the multiple linear regression method. The conclusion is that only two of these factors, namely, the currency exchange rate and the reference interest rate, influence net asset value of privately managed pension funds, the second pillar, one in direct and the other in indirect correlation. In order to neutralize the effects generated by the diminution of the net asset value of privately managed pension funds, considering a short time horizon, we shall elaborate a dynamic mix of their investments able to adapt to the fluctuations of the influence factors. Thus, new opportunities will be generated in order to achieve the efficiency of pension funds and to prevent the diminution of the value of insured individualsâ€(tm) contributions to these pension funds.privately managed pensions, net assets, investments, factors of influence, statistical correlations

The analysis of localized competition among organizations and a research in banking sector

The aim of this study is to analyze the structure of competition in local level. In this frame, primarily the recent theoretical and empirical studies about the localization of competition are examined. The local competition strategies of selected eight banks are tried to be analyzed and measured with the dimensions exposed. The dimensions exposed are dialed with as the main factors affecting the local competition including the duration of the banks’ operations in the market, the types and the number of the products that the banks present, the quality and quantity of the customer services, the main characteristics and varieties of the banks’ competitive strategies in the market, the street and the properties of that street on which the banks operate. The competitive structure of the banks’ services are tried to be exposed with all these dimensions. Hence, the main factors orientating the activities of the banks in the market are tried to be highlighted. As the conclusion of the study, it is revealed that the private and public banks have many differences in core competencies. Since the public banks have an understanding of inactive competition, they have no special organizational structuring for competing in local market. However, it is seen that the private banks have a clear understanding of proactive competition and an organizational structuring fitting that situation. The number of participators in the sample is limited. The wideness of the sample should be considered when making evaluations.banking sector, competition, strategies, empirical study

The efficiency of the green taxes as instruments for Environmental protection

This paper focused on the green taxes, great actuality issue in the contemporary world. As research method, the paper is based on economical theory of externalities, their presence making the company to take decisions with different social effects. Starting from social cost and private cost of human activity, it is a debate regarding the internalization of external costs by applying the corrective taxes. The purpose of this paper it is the establishing of an optimal tax level which has as effect the decreasing of the overall cost of a negative externality (for example, the pollution) through controlling the external effects. Deriving from the analysis it has been disclosed that ideally the environmental taxes should be introduced over externalities source, meaning that taxes should report directly over emissions or environment services.green taxes, pigouvian taxes, negative externalities, internalization of the polluting costs