333 research outputs found
Colloque international - Paysages de la vie quotidienne: Regards croisĂ©s entre la recherche et lâaction
Sâil est vrai que la trĂšs grande majoritĂ© des populations europĂ©ennes vit aujourdâhui dans des espaces urbains ou pĂ©riurbains, il est difficile dâaffirmer que les paysages quâelles vivent aient fait lâobjet dâune attention particuliĂšrement exigeante de la part de lâaction politique. Ces paysages sont souvent considĂ©rĂ©s comme dĂ©gradĂ©s et peu amĂšnes, et portent souvent les stigmates de lâexclusion sociale et de la dĂ©tĂ©rioration des conditions de vie. Le colloque que le ministĂšre français de lâĂ©cologie, de lâĂ©nergie, du dĂ©veloppement durable et de la mer, la GĂ©nĂ©ralitat de Catalunya, la CommunautĂ© dâAgglomĂ©ration de Perpignan, les villes de Perpignan et de Girona se proposent dâorganiser en 2011 a prĂ©cisĂ©ment lâobjectif de reconsidĂ©rer ces paysages qui sont vĂ©cus quotidiennement par des millions de citoyens europĂ©ens ou des autres continents sous lâangle dâune part des projets dâamĂ©lioration dont ils ont pu ĂȘtre les objets, sous lâangle des « valeurs particuliĂšres qui sont attribuĂ©es par les acteurs et les populations concernĂ©s » et dâautre part, sous lâangle de la mobilisation de ces derniers pour les revaloriser.
Les nombreux pays membres du Conseil de lâEurope qui ont ratifiĂ© la Convention EuropĂ©enne du Paysage se sont engagĂ©s notamment Ă donner une place privilĂ©giĂ©e aux paysages du quotidien et « Ă mettre en place des procĂ©dures de participation du public, des autoritĂ©s locales et rĂ©gionales, et des autres acteurs concernĂ©s par la conception et la rĂ©alisation des politiques du paysage ». Quâen est-il rĂ©ellement ? Quelle est la place que les procĂ©dures mises en Ćuvre par les institutions publiques et les collectivitĂ©s territoriales ont accordĂ©e Ă la nĂ©gociation et Ă la participation des acteurs dans lâamĂ©lioration de la qualitĂ© des paysages ? Parmi ces expĂ©riences, quelles sont celles qui permettent dâaffirmer que ces formes de nĂ©gociation et de participation sont un gage de rĂ©ussite ? Et au-delĂ des projets relevant des institutions politiques, quâen est-il de ceux que dĂ©veloppe le milieu associatif qui entend contribuer Ă lâamĂ©lioration du paysage cadre de vie des populations. Par ailleurs, les projets dâamĂ©nagement paysager, parfois dĂ©nommĂ© projet de paysage ou les opĂ©rations de planification territoriale Ă dimension paysagĂšre sont de plus en plus considĂ©rĂ©s comme des processus qui Ă©voluent en se nourrissant des enseignements que lâexpĂ©rience collective dâanalyse et dâaction apporte. Le projet dâamĂ©nagement paysager conçu comme processus dans le temps et dans lâespace exige-t-il des mĂ©thodes particuliĂšres et lesquelles ? Enfin, les paysages du quotidien sont fortement affectĂ©s par lâensemble des projets dâamĂ©nagement du territoire ou de dĂ©veloppement Ă©conomique : quâen est-il alors de la dimension paysagĂšre ?
Ces diverses questions ne sont pas adressĂ©es uniquement Ă la communautĂ© scientifique. Elles interrogent Ă©galement les acteurs institutionnels et politiques et les praticiens du paysage. Ce colloque est donc ouvert au dialogue entre les mĂ©thodes opĂ©rationnelles et les mĂ©thodes cognitives. Cette ouverture porte Ă©videmment une double exigence : dâune part de donner la parole aux « fabricants » de paysage, quels quâils soient (professionnels, Ă©lus, experts, membres dâONG ou simples habitants) mais Ă©galement aux chercheurs et surtout de favoriser le dialogue entre ces deux catĂ©gories. Dâautre part, de fournir au dĂ©bat les donnĂ©es qui permettent dâĂ©valuer lâefficacitĂ© des mĂ©thodes mises en Ćuvre et parmi celles-ci les mĂ©thodes fondĂ©es sur la participation ou lâĂ©change et le partage de la connaissance ou des objectifs de lâaction. Mais lorsque lâon Ă©voque lâefficacitĂ©, il ne sâagit pas de restreindre la question de la qualitĂ© des paysages Ă leur seul aspect esthĂ©tique. Il sâagit Ă©galement de savoir si les mĂ©thodes mises en Ćuvre dans des projets ont permis dâaccĂ©der aux exigences du dĂ©veloppement durable et en particulier si elles ont pu garantir lâĂ©quitĂ© sociale gĂ©nĂ©rationnelle et intergĂ©nĂ©rationnelle ou la qualitĂ© des milieux et de la biodiversitĂ© ; tout en permettant aux individus et aux catĂ©gories sociales de trouver leur place au sein de la sociĂ©tĂ© et de penser lâavenir avec optimisme, pour eux-mĂȘmes et pour leurs descendants. Comment se croisent et sâinterpellent rĂ©ciproquement les notions de paysage et de dĂ©veloppement durable ? Comment notamment est prise en compte la dimension temporelle dans les projets et les politiques publiques ? Quelles consĂ©quences sur les projets, leur mode de production et leur gouvernance ? Comment ces notions sont elles intĂ©grĂ©es dans les pratiques professionnelles ?
Si dâemblĂ©e, cette proposition a mis lâaccent sur les paysages de forte densitĂ© dĂ©mographique, c'est-Ă -dire a priori urbains et pĂ©riurbains, il ne faudrait cependant pas croire que les paysages ruraux, de montagne ou du littoral sont exclus de la rĂ©flexion collective. Ils sont Ă©galement vĂ©cus quotidiennement par leurs habitants et ils entretiennent avec les premiers des relations qui portent en elles-mĂȘmes des complĂ©mentaritĂ©s ou des antagonismes quâil sâagira de justifier et de mettre Ă jour. Ils sont porteurs, comme les paysages urbains de nombreuses expĂ©riences de participation et de nĂ©gociation sociale
The CAP towards 2020:for a balanced territorial development
THis conference adresses de need for a more territorially based CAP for the next framework programme, considering the diversity and differentiation of farming systems in Europ
High Nature Value Farming in Portugal.
High Nature Value (HNV) farming systems are inherently valuable for biodiversity. They use semi-natural pastures, meadows and orchards, as well as species-rich arable land, and often retain a wealth of landscape features. HNV farming is present in all European countries, with a diversity of types and extent. Apart from being the cornerstone of European farmland biodiversity, these types of farming provide a multitude of other services for society, including sustainable rural economies, and the rich social fabric and character of Europeâs landscapes. The environmental, socio-cultural and territorial significance of HNV farming is increasingly recognised, but greater awareness is needed amongst policy makers and the wider public.
This chapter on Portugal is part of a book presenting an overview of HNV farming across 35 European countries, describing the main characteristics and presenting examples of farming systems, farms and farmers. Beside the country chapters there are thematic chapters looking at a range of issues of farming, nature, economy and policy.
In Portugal exists an immensely rich heritage of traditional farming systems, almost all of which are still of High Nature Value. Some of these use large-scale semi-natural areas â the baldios and lameiros of the north and the montado in the south. Others are characterised by low-intensity mosaics â small-scale permanent cropping farms in the south and especially the typical smallholdings of the northern uplands.
Both the area of farmland and the number of farmers have declined steeply over recent years; all HNV farmland associated with small farms are in practice severely threatened. On the southern latifundia, the picture is more complex â cork prices maintain a relatively good income, but the quality of management of many montados is in decline, with both localised intensification and abandonment. New intensive systems are being put in place, included irrigated low nature value olive monocultures.
A territorial vision for Portugalâs agricultural landscapes is only in its infancy; this is a severe impediment to the development of holistic and targeted support for HNV farming systems. Economic marginalisation has allowed the survival of Portuguese HNV farming systems into the early 21st century; a socio-economically and ecologically sustainable future for those systems or their modern successors requires an end to their political marginalisation
Paisagem material, paisagem simbĂłlica e identidade no concelho de Castelo de Vide
O artigo incide sobre a relação entre paisagem e identidade social no contexto da
presente transformação e reinvenção do espaço rural. Discutem-se os resultados e a
metodologia de um estudo multidisciplinar que mobilizou conhecimentos tanto da
antropologia como da geografia. Com base numa tipologia da paisagem e em narrativas
pessoais e do lugar, equaciona-se o papel da paisagem como operador simbĂłlico
na produção de identidades locais em Castelo de Vide (Norte alentejano). Identificam-
-se e descrevem-se os eixos de diferenciação simultaneamente espacial e social que
consubstanciam, neste caso, a relação dinùmica entre paisagem e identidade local
Linking research to practice: the landscape as the basis for integrating social and ecological perspectives of the rural
The rural spaces in Europe are undergoing complex processes of transition, at multiple scales, and
rhythms. In order to grasp and understand the changes occurring, the need emerges for new, conceptual
approaches that make it possible to combine the different factors that shape spaces. Recent,
literature on the multifunctional character of rural spaces and their transition pathways shows the, need
for spatially based approaches, where the natural characteristics of a landscape are combined, with the
socio-economic and cultural drivers that affect its changes. Experience shows how practical, questions on
the changes affecting the rural, addressed by society to the scientific community, are of a, new character
and require novel research approaches. This paper argues that landscape based, approaches can be useful
basis for the required conceptual innovation. The paper presents and, discusses a set of examples of practice
driven research developments, in contrasting regions of Europe. And it proposes a conceptual model
which aims to contextualize empirical research driven by, problems set up in practice, and combining
the ecological and structural dimensions with the socioeconomic, and cultural ones, all converging in the
rural landscape, at multiple scales. The landscape, as, the spatial entity, in its material and immaterial
dimensions, is presented in this paper as the most, comprehensive basis for the required step forward.
This does not mean a disciplinary landscape, analysis revisited, but a new multi-scale and multi-domain
place based approach, where the place is, the rural landscape
A local landscape in transition between production and consumption goals: new management arrangements and new challenges for governance.
Around all towns in the Alentejo region, the landscape is dominated by an agricultural mosaic,
where small scale farming dominates, composed of olive groves combined with pastures, fruit
orchards, and vegetable gardens, in the most fertile and water abundant soils. This is a totally
different pattern then the large scale landscape of the extensive silvo-pastoral systems in the
latifundia that normally is associated with the region. It is not the most know, but it is the
landscape where people live or see in their everyday life.
These small scale farm units have increasingly lost their importance as production units over
the last decades, even if farming has been maintained by aging local population. In the last
two decades, these parcels became extremely attractive for new comers, who settle in the
rural context as lifestyle farmers, or simply as new residents (permanent or week-end
houses). These new comers have higher economic possibilities, often rebuilding the houses
and investing in the land. They search for a new life quality. Farming and the production of
food have been loosing their importance â but it is increasing again, due to the raising
demand for local and quality food products and the difficult economic situation of many
families. As farming is concerned, new arrangements emerge: the new owners may be able to
keep farming, often with new or reshaped production objectives, markets and models; they
may search for associated older farmers in the area who support them with their knowledge
and with this maintain the traditional farm systems; or they may let others, new comers or
locals, use their land. The mixture of the different trends calls for new management
arrangements, where the traditional cooperation and neighbour relations are reshaped. These
new arrangements are emerging but still need to be strengthened and acknowledged by
authorities and policies, so they can unfold
Challenges for heritage landscape management: the case of the Causses and the CĂ©vennes
In some Mediterranean peripheral areas, highly adapted extensive traditional agroâpastoral systems have been in place due to the existent biophysical constrains. These systems, resulting from long historical experiences and empirical knowledge progressively incorporated by generations of farmers, have strongly contributed for the existence of outstanding resultant landscapes today. Based on societyâs increasingly interest in such landscapes labels such as Unesco Heritage landscape have been developed. At the same time, farmers in these peripheral areas struggle to keep their farming incomes in a globalized liberal market scenario. In the Mediterranean agro-pastoral cultural landscape The Causses and the CĂ©vennes (World Heritage âCultural Living Landscapeâ in UNESCOâs list since June 2012), the traditional systems in place are under diverse changing trends, from overgrazing to extensification, indicating that the landscapes and values recognized within them are far from secured. Landscape conservation in the new rural development policy postâ2013 is now under priority, with focus on ârestoring and preserving the state of European Landscapesâ. The need is there to develop tools supporting effective management of heritage landscapes. As farmers stand as the ones changing more directly landscape character, through their attitudes and practices, one first step towards more effective management of heritage landscapes is to understand: how is the concept of world heritage agroâpastoral cultural landscape seen by farmers? As a unifying concept reinforcing agroâpastoralism importance and highlighting its opportunities? Or as a political strategic label with little effect on their ways of managing the land? The goal of the present work is to assess the opinions of farmers and other local stakeholders in regard to heritage landscape, introducing some of the challenges within land management and landscape conservation that lay ahead
Molecular basis of the effect of radiotherapy on macrophage and on macrophage/cancer cell crosstalk
Paysages ruraux europĂ©ens, dynamiques et enjeux de gestion et dâamĂ©nagement
L'intĂ©rĂȘt croissant portĂ© aux paysages constitue une nouvelle avenue pour le dĂ©veloppement des territoires ruraux. Largement crĂ©Ă©s par lâagriculture, les paysages ruraux sont cependant marquĂ©s par une uniformisation, souvent interprĂ©tĂ©e comme une dĂ©gradation. Comment aider Ă façonner lâavenir de ces paysages afin quâils deviennent un moteur de nouvelles dynamiques de dĂ©veloppement rural
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