New TRP Channels in Hearing and Mechanosensation

AbstractDespite extensive biophysical characterization and the superb example of the bacterial MscL channel, molecular identification of eukaryotic mechanosensitive channels has been slow. New members of the TRP superfamily have emerged as candidate channels to mediate touch, hearing, fluid flow, and osmosensation in sensory and nonsensory cells. Distinguishing between direct mechanical activation and indirect second messenger activation is still a challenge

Differential effects of Alzheimer\u27s disease and Huntington\u27s disease on the performance of mental rotation

he ability to spatially rotate a mental image was compared in patients with Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD; n = 18) and patients with Huntington\u27s disease (HD; n = 18). Compared to their respective age-matched normal control (NC) group, the speed, but not the accuracy, of mental rotation abnormally decreased with increasing angle of orientation for patients with HD. In contrast, the accuracy, but not the speed, of rotation abnormally decreased with increasing angle of orientation for patients with AD. Additional analyses showed that these unique patterns of performance were not attributable to different speed/accuracy trade-off sensitivities. This double dissociation suggests that the distinct brain regions affected in the two diseases differentially contribute to speed and accuracy of mental rotation. Specifically, the slowing exhibited by HD patients may be mediated by damage to the basal ganglia, whereas the spatial manipulation deficit of AD patients may reflect pathology in parietal and temporal lobe association cortices important for visuospatial processing. (JINS, 2005, 11, 30–39.

C-MYC Transcriptionally Amplifies SOX2 Target Genes to Regulate Self-Renewal in Multipotent Otic Progenitor Cells

Summary Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by the loss of sensory hair cells and neurons of the inner ear. Once lost, these cell types are not replaced. Two genes expressed in the developing inner ear are c-Myc and Sox2. We created immortalized multipotent otic progenitor (iMOP) cells, a fate-restricted cell type, by transient expression of C-MYC in SOX2-expressing otic progenitor cells. This activated the endogenous C-MYC and amplified existing SOX2-dependent transcripts to promote self-renewal. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analyses revealed that C-MYC and SOX2 occupy over 85% of the same promoters. C-MYC and SOX2 target genes include cyclin-dependent kinases that regulate cell-cycle progression. iMOP cells continually divide but retain the ability to differentiate into functional hair cells and neurons. We propose that SOX2 and C-MYC regulate cell-cycle progression of these cells and that downregulation of C-MYC expression after growth factor withdrawal serves as a molecular switch for differentiation

From Biological Cilia to Artificial Flow Sensors: Biomimetic Soft Polymer Nanosensors with High Sensing Performance

We report the development of a new class of miniature all-polymer flow sensors that closely mimic the intricate morphology of the mechanosensory ciliary bundles in biological hair cells. An artificial ciliary bundle is achieved by fabricating bundled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micro-pillars with graded heights and electrospinning polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric nanofiber tip links. The piezoelectric nature of a single nanofiber tip link is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Rheology and nanoindentation experiments are used to ensure that the viscous properties of the hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogel are close to the biological cupula. A dome-shaped HA hydrogel cupula that encapsulates the artificial hair cell bundle is formed through precision drop-casting and swelling processes. Fluid drag force actuates the hydrogel cupula and deflects the micro-pillar bundle, stretching the nanofibers and generating electric charges. Functioning with principles analogous to the hair bundles, the sensors achieve a sensitivity and threshold detection limit of 300 mV/(m/s) and 8 μm/s, respectively. These self-powered, sensitive, flexible, biocompatibale and miniaturized sensors can find extensive applications in navigation and maneuvering of underwater robots, artificial hearing systems, biomedical and microfluidic devices.Singapore. National Research Foundation (Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology)Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) (Innovation Grants ING148079- ENG

Microextensive Chaos of a Spatially Extended System

By analyzing chaotic states of the one-dimensional Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation for system sizes L in the range 79 <= L <= 93, we show that the Lyapunov fractal dimension D scales microextensively, increasing linearly with L even for increments Delta{L} that are small compared to the average cell size of 9 and to various correlation lengths. This suggests that a spatially homogeneous chaotic system does not have to increase its size by some characteristic amount to increase its dynamical complexity, nor is the increase in dimension related to the increase in the number of linearly unstable modes.Comment: 5 pages including 4 figures. Submitted to PR

Factors Influencing Largemouth Bass Recruitment: Implications For The Illinois Management And Stocking Program

During the past segment, all activities outlined in the annual work plan were accomplished and within the specified budget. The goal of this study is to develop management strategies that maximize growth, recruitment, and harvest of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in Illinois impoundments. Largemouth bass are frequently stocked in many Illinois impoundments to compensate for variable recruitment. Even so, the long-term contribution of stocked fish to recruitment and harvest of natural bass populations is unknown and we are addressing these questions. In addition, information on the importance of rearing technique, size of stocked fish, forage base, cover, resident predators, physical-chemical conditions, and stocking stress in determining largemouth bass stocking success is needed to optimize use of hatchery produced fish. Because stocking is only one of several management options for this species, it is critical that additional information on factors limiting recruitment processes be identified.There was no new activity in Job 101.1 as final recommendations were presented in previous reports. In Job 101.2, we continued our evaluation of stocking success of largemouth bass. We conducted additional dataanalysis ina study comparing intensive and extensive rearing techniques. Intensively reared fish were raised in raceways and fed pellets, whereasextensively reared fish were raised in ponds and fed zooplankton and minnows. Extensivelyreared fish experienced better survival through the spring following stocking, but by the following fall (age-1) there was no difference in abundance between the two rearing techniques. We observed a high level of variation inthe number of fish producedinthe rearing ponds. Cost of rearing was much higher for the extensively reared fish for both hatchery ponds and lake side rearing facilities. Higher initial survival and larger size in the fall of extensively reared fish initially appears to justify the added cost. However, long term survival was low for both rearing types and very few stocked fish were recruited to the fishery. In this segment, we also continued to evaluate different stocking techniques to improve survival of stocked largemouth bass. Three lakes were stocked with largemouth bass, with half the fish stocked at the boat ramp and half dispersed throughout the lake and into woody or vegetated habitat. Very few stocked fish have been recaptured from any stockings conducted thus far regardless of method. We plan to continue additional stockings and adjust stocking time to minimize high temperatures and potential related mortality. CPUE of stocked fish in this experiment has been lower than observed in stockings conducted asprevious partsof this project and we hope to observe greater survival in the future in order to evaluate the success of these two stocking strategies.In Job 101.3, we evaluated the survival and reproductive success of stocked largemouth bass relative to resident populations. To determine the contribution of stocked fish, the MDH B2B2 allele was used as a genetic tag for fingerlings stocked into six study lakes. Once these fish were part of the reproducing population, it was possible to assess the reproductive success and recruitment of these stocked fish in five of the six lakes by comparing the pre-stocking with post stocking MDH B2 allele frequencies. We also looked at lake size and resident bass CPUE as a possible factors that may have influenced reproductive success. Stocked fish survival to adulthood was variable in the five study lakes, ranging from less than 10% to around 35%. Contribution of stocked fish to reproduction was also variable and was higher in small lakes than in larger ones. The density of resident bass as measured by CPUE had no relationship to the contribution of stocked bass reproduction in the lakes that we studied. Based on the proportion of stocked adults in the populations we could predict the change in the frequency of the MDH B2 allele to determine how reproductive success of stocked fish compared to wild fish. We found that reproductive success of stocked fish was similar to wild fish. Our results indicate that stocking is most likely to be successful in small lakes and that the genetic influence of stocked fish will persist in successive generations. In future reports, we will examine how prey availability could affect stocked largemouth bass condition and ability to secure good nesting sites differently than wild fish. In Job 101.4, we continued a multi lake experiment examining the influence of vegetation on largemouth bass recruitment. Lakes were divided into treatments by the vegetation management strategy. Two lakes (Stillwater and Airport) were treated for vegetation to reduce the vegetation present and yield more intermediate vegetation densities. The vegetation treatments were initiated in this segment and have been successful at reducing vegetation in Stillwater Lake, but not Airport Lake. Two lakes (Paradise and Dolan) experienced management to increase vegetation. Vegetation planting was initiated in 2008in Lake Paradiseand planting efforts continued in this segment. We areevaluating the success of different species of vegetation and the size of cage used. American pondweed has shown the greatest long-term survival and the large cages have been most effective in producing vegetation. In this segment, American pondweed was planted in 5 additional cages and a number of cages were expanded to promotethe spread of successful cages. We also evaluated fish and invertebrate communities associated with vegetated and non-vegetatedcages and observed higher densities of both fish and invertebrates in vegetated cages. Rehabilitation at Dolan Lake has continued to yield higher vegetation and reduced gizzard shad and carp numbers. There is some evidence of gizzard shad populations rebounding. Four lakes with experimental treatments and 7control lakes were monitored for fish populations, vegetation densities, and prey organisms and will be compared through time as the management experiment continues.CPUE of young of year largemouth bass was higher in lakes with greater vegetation densities, but differences were not significant. The density of larval gizzard shad was significantly correlated with the proportion of lake area and perimeter that was vegetated. No other lake conditions that were measured were related to vegetation density. We will continue to monitor vegetation, fish, and prey communities in the 11 research lakes to evaluate the role of vegetation management to increase largemouth bass recruitment.In this segment, we also continuedto examine patterns in abundance of young-of-year largemouth bass, other fish species, and associated biotic communities a mong vegetated, woody, and open lakeshore habitat types in two Illinois lakes. While we did not find significant differences in age-0 largemouth bass densities among the microhabitat types sampled in our enclosure surveys, we did find significant differences in the community composition and abundance of potentially important prey items (juvenile sunfishes, caddisflies, chironomids, stoneflies and cyclopoid copepods). Increases in abundance of potential invertebrate and fish prey in vegetated and wooded sites supports the idea that these habitats are important sources of littoral productivity. There is potential for dam escapement to influence largemouth bass recruitment. To assess dam escapement, we sampled downstream of the dam on two reservoirs, Ridge Lake and Forbes Lake via backpack electrofishing and seines. Some largemouth bass were observed in sampling below the dam at both Forbes and Ridge Lake following high water events however there were few fish in all sampling. The assessment of dam escapement is in the very early stages of implementation and evaluation and much more data is needed to draw conclusions about the effect of escapement on largemouth bass populations and recruitment. Additional data will be collected so that a baseline can be established in order to compare largemouth bass numbers after an increased discharge event to largemouth bass numbers during low flow periods. There is potential for angling to have a large influence on largemouth bass populations. Competitive tournament fishing for black bass has grown rapidly over the past several years. Previous work has shown high levels of mortality associated with these tournaments in other parts of the United States. However, little is known about the effects of tournaments on largemouth bass recruitment. In Job 101.5, we continued to examine effects of tournaments for largemouth bass. In this segment, we also continued monitoring largemouth bass spawning activities at Lincoln Trail Lake. Water clarity limited our ability to identify largemouth bass nests in spring 2011. We will continue to evaluate nesting activity, nest guarding behavior, vulnerability to angling, and nest predation in future segments. In this segment, we continued to conduct largemouth bass tournaments in alternating years on Ridge Lake to evaluate their effect on recruitment. A series of spring tournaments were conducted in 2007 and 2010 and largemouth bass populations were compared among tournament and non-tournament years. Initial results show no differences in recruitment between tournament and non-tournament years. In addition, no changes were observed in adult largemouth bass abundance or size structure. These results are preliminary and additional years will be needed to evaluate treatment effects. We are continuing a pond experiment examining the population effects of tournament angling during the spawning season on largemouth bass recruitment. In the current segment, we initiated the second year of the two-year study. Results from the first year indicate that tournament angling has a moderate effect on largemouth bass recruitment in terms of numbers, and a rather large effect on young-of-year largemouth bass biomass. After adjustment for summer zooplankton abundance, which was a significant covariate for largemouth bass recruitment, ponds in which tournament angling was conducted had approximately 22% less recruits and 64% less young-of-year biomass than control ponds. In the future segment, we will include data from the second year to strengthen results. In this segment we also continued to evaluate tournament activity on nine Illinois lakes as well as 5 control lakes with no tournaments. Tournament data was used to calculate total tournament angler hours per acre as well as catch rates and statistics on the sizes and types of tournaments on each lake. We evaluated the largemouth bass population in each lake by performing electrofishing transects in the spring. CPUE of young-of-year largemouth bass and largemouth bass over 14 inches was not correlated with tournament pressure (angler hours/acre). The mean number of fish weighed in at a tournament was correlated with CPUE of largemouth bass over 14 inches and was also correlated with lake size. Tournament lakes did not have reduced recruitment when compared to lakes with no tournament angling. Tournament lakes had higher CPUE of largemouth bass larger than 14 inches than control lakes, but it is difficult to separate the effects of tournaments from the size of the lake and the fact that tournaments may target lakes with more abundant adult largemouth bass. We will continue to collect tournament and largemouth bass population data in future segments to further evaluate and understand how tournaments influence largemouth bass populations. In Job 101.6, a portion of Clinton Lake that was closed to fishing was sampled to continue assessment of the effects of a refuge on largemouth bass populations. Electrofishing samples yielded a higher abundance of adult largemouth bass in the refuge than in the main lake. No increase in the number of largemouth bass has been observed throughout the lake. Sampling will continue at Clinton Lake to monitor largemouth bass populations for changes resulting from the refuge. We also continued sampling Otter Lake as an additional location to evaluate refuges. Electrofishing and seine samples were conducted in two refuge sites as well as three control sites. The refuge was closed to fishing in June 2010 and we initiated sampling for post refuge conditions. We also began assessing effects of harvest regulations on largemouth bass populations. In this segment, we expanded our database of lakes using the Fisheries Analysis System (FAS) containing electrofishing data from 2000-2007 collected by DNR biologists. We grouped lakes by regulation type into 7 groups; Bag by Size(Bag limit above and below a specified size), Catch-and Release (no harvest allowed), Standard (14” length limit, 6 fish creel), Lowered Bag (14” length limit, 14” length limit, 6 fish bag limit), Raised Length/Low Bag (>14” length limit, <6 fish bag limit), No Length (No minimum size limit), and Slot (no fish harvest slot). We compared catch rates of young-of-year and adults (greater than 14 inches), memorable (greater than 510 mm), and proportion stock density (PSD). Lakes with slot limit regulations had the highest CPUE of young-of-year, total, and memorable sized largemouth bass. No other significant differences existed among groups. In future segments, we will combine FAS, INHS sampling and creel data to further evaluate regulations and how they affect angler catch rates. These data can then be used to guide future discussions about various management experiments that might be implemented.Division of Fisheries, Illinois Department of Natural Resources Grant/Contract No: F-135-Runpublishednot peer reviewe